Table 4.
Crude and adjusted odds ratio of risk factors for AKI among participants ≥ 75 years
| Variables | Univariate | Multivariate | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | p value | OR | 95% CI | p value | |
| Demographic and socioeconomic profiles | ||||||
| Residential location (urban %) | 0.90 | 0.85–0.96 | < 0.01 | 0.93 | 0.87–1 | 0.06 |
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Hypertension (%) | 1.41 | 1.3–1.54 | < 0.01 | 1.63 | 1.46–1.82 | < 0.01 |
| Hyperlipidemia (%) | 0.71 | 0.67–0.76 | < 0.01 | 0.88 | 0.81–0.96 | < 0.01 |
| Chronic liver disease (%) | 1.20 | 1.1–1.3 | < 0.01 | 1.03 | 0.94–1.14 | 0.51 |
| Atrial fibrillation (%) | 1.55 | 1.45–1.66 | < 0.01 | 1.35 | 1.25–1.47 | < 0.01 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (%) | 1.50 | 1.4–1.61 | < 0.01 | 1.17 | 1.08–1.27 | < 0.01 |
| Acute coronary syndrome (%) | 1.40 | 1.32–1.49 | < 0.01 | 1.31 | 1.21–1.41 | < 0.01 |
| Cerebrovascular disease (%) | 1.54 | 1.45–1.64 | < 0.01 | 1.4 | 1.3–1.5 | < 0.01 |
| Malignancy (%) | 1.60 | 1.47–1.75 | < 0.01 | 1.52 | 1.37–1.69 | < 0.01 |
| Parkinsonism (%) | 1.39 | 1.25–1.55 | < 0.01 | 1.11 | 0.98–1.25 | 0.12 |
| Chronic kidney disease (%) | 3.13 | 2.92–3.34 | < 0.01 | 2.65 | 2.46–2.87 | < 0.01 |
| Advanced chronic kidney disease (%) | 3.05 | 2.29–4.05 | < 0.01 | 1.56 | 1.13–2.17 | < 0.01 |
| Past experience of AKI (%) | 3.81 | 3.33–4.37 | < 0.01 | 1.61 | 1.38–1.89 | < 0.01 |
| Peripheral vascular disease (%) | 1.34 | 1.18–1.53 | < 0.01 | 1.12 | 0.96–1.31 | 0.14 |
| Benign prostatic hyperplasia (%) | 1.21 | 1.12–1.31 | < 0.01 | 1.03 | 0.94–1.14 | 0.5 |
| Intervention before the index date | ||||||
| Computed tomography of any site (%) | 1.37 | 1.27–1.49 | < 0.01 | 1.00 | 0.9–1.1 | 0.95 |
| Cardiac catheterization (%) | 1.58 | 1.35–1.85 | < 0.01 | 1.35 | 1.01–1.79 | 0.04 |
| Angiography of any site (%) | 1.55 | 1.31–1.83 | < 0.01 | 0.97 | 0.72–1.29 | 0.82 |
| Cystoscopy with or without biopsy (%) | 1.16 | 0.99–1.36 | 0.06 | |||
| Transurethral resection of prostate (%) | 1.03 | 0.79–1.35 | 0.84 | |||
| Chronic medication use | ||||||
| Aspirin (%) | 0.69 | 0.65–0.74 | < 0.01 | 0.76 | 0.7–0.82 | < 0.01 |
| β-blocker (%) | 0.75 | 0.71–0.8 | < 0.01 | 0.83 | 0.77–0.9 | < 0.01 |
| ACEI (%) | 0.79 | 0.74–0.86 | < 0.01 | 0.87 | 0.79–0.95 | < 0.01 |
| ARB (%) | 0.69 | 0.65–0.73 | < 0.01 | 0.86 | 0.8–0.93 | < 0.01 |
| Clopidogrel (%) | 1.05 | 0.95–1.15 | 0.36 | |||
| Statin (%) | 0.52 | 0.48–0.55 | < 0.01 | 0.68 | 0.62–0.75 | < 0.01 |
| Fibrate (%) | 0.55 | 0.49–0.63 | < 0.01 | 0.71 | 0.62–0.83 | < 0.01 |
| Ezetimibe (%) | 0.58 | 0.47–0.72 | < 0.01 | 0.95 | 0.74–1.23 | 0.72 |
| Calcium channel blocker (%) | 0.6 | 0.56–0.64 | < 0.01 | 0.64 | 0.59–0.69 | < 0.01 |
| α-blocker (%) | 0.74 | 0.68–0.81 | < 0.01 | 0.77 | 0.7–0.85 | < 0.01 |
| Wafarin (%) | 1.08 | 0.94–1.25 | 0.27 | |||
| Platinum-based anti-neoplastic agents (%) | 0.90 | 0.58–1.41 | 0.65 | |||
| Atypical anti-psychotics (%) | 0.93 | 0.85–1.03 | 0.16 | |||
| Nephrotoxic anti-bacterials (%)* | 0.93 | 0.56–1.56 | 0.79 | |||
| Nephrotoxic anti-virals (%)& | 0.50 | 0.09–2.73 | 0.42 | |||
| Cyclosporin/tacrolimus (%) | – | |||||
| Lithium (%) | 1.33 | 0.3–5.96 | 0.71 | |||
| Anti-diabetic medications | ||||||
| Insulin (%) | 1.36 | 1.18–1.56 | < 0.01 | 1.32 | 1.12–1.55 | < 0.01 |
| Biguanides (%) | 0.51 | 0.48–0.54 | < 0.01 | 0.76 | 0.69–0.82 | < 0.01 |
| Sulfonylurea (%) | 0.72 | 0.68–0.77 | < 0.01 | 1.10 | 1.01–1.2 | 0.03 |
| Meglitinide (%) | 1.02 | 0.92–1.12 | 0.85 | |||
| α-glucosidase (%) | 0.77 | 0.7–0.86 | < 0.01 | 0.98 | 0.86–1.11 | 0.71 |
| Thiazolidinedione (%) | 0.62 | 0.52–0.74 | < 0.01 | 0.96 | 0.77–1.18 | 0.67 |
| DPP4 inhibitor (%) | 0.60 | 0.54–0.67 | < 0.01 | 0.79 | 0.69–0.9 | < 0.01 |
*Including vancomycin, aminoglycosides, and colistin
&Including acyclovir and ganciclovir
ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; AKI, acute kidney injury; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; CI, confidence interval; CKD, chronic kidney disease; DPP4, dipeptidyl peptidase 4; OR, odds ratio