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. 2018 May 22;8:7984. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-26095-z

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Schematic representation of interplay between CS and HIV infection to explain MCC suppression in smokers. CS suppresses miR-141-5p which in turn enhances HIV infection by R5-tropic virus. HIV Tat and CS induce TGF-β signaling and this results in additive suppression of CFTR mRNA and function. CFTR suppression consequently leads to MCC dysfunction, mucus impaction and microbial colonization.