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. 2018 May 22;8:7967. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-26360-1

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Differential expression of piRNAs in liver tissue samples: Differentially expressed piRNAs were quantified and a heatmap was prepared (FDR < 0.05) for each disease stage (Cirrhosis, Low-grade dysplastic nodule, High-grade dysplastic nodule, Early stage Hepatocellular carcinoma and Advanced stage Hepatocellular carcinoma) with healthy control samples (A–E). All enriched piRNAs were summarized by a Venn diagram, which identified 30 piRNAs commonly expressed in all stages and 52 piRs were specifically dysregulated in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (F). (G) A Circos plot was prepared incorporating all differential expressions of piRNAs in cirrhosis, low-grade dysplastic nodule, high-grade dysplastic nodule, early hepatocellular carcinoma, and hepatocellular carcinoma tissue samples compared with healthy samples (FDR < 0.05). Chromosome and bands were listed in chromosomal positions of piRNAs affected expression in liver disease vs healthy samples. The Innermost ring are cirrhosis, then low-grade dysplastic nodule, high-grade dysplastic nodule, early hepatocellular carcinoma, and hepatocellular carcinoma with darker and lighter background colors representing upregulated and downregulated genes respectively.