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. 2018 May 22;9:2007. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-04184-x

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Hox genes of Nematostella exhibit hallmarks of bilaterian Hox genes during early development. a Time series of the embryonic, larval, and adult development of the cnidarian, Nematostella vectensis (hours post fertilization = hpf). b Clustered Hox genes display temporal colinearity during early embryonic development. Expression begins with the 3′ located neighboring non-Hox homeobox gene NvHlxB9 (data not shown) and the anterior gene NvAx6 at 12hpf. Subsequent activation of the other genes in the cluster maintains colinear expression relative to the ancestral cnidarian cluster. Two of the unlinked Hox genes NvAx1 (central/posterior) and NvAx6a (anterior) appear maternally expressed during early development. c In situ hybridization confirms the temporal activation of the Hox cluster. Prior to gastrulation, mRNA expression of the central/posterior Hox gene (NvAx1) localizes to the aboral pole, while an anterior Hox gene (NvAx6) becomes transcriptionally activated along the oral pole. Remaining Hox and homeobox genes occupy oral (NvEve, NvAv7, NvAx6a) or aboral (NvAx8) domains during early development. Images were compiled from at least three separate experiments. Error bars are based on S.E.M. Scale bars are 50 µm