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. 2018 May 16;6:61. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00061

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Copyright © 2018 Charles, Cappellari and Hutchinson.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The additional residual actuator forces (A) and reserve actuator moments (B, Pelvic tilt; C, Hip flexion; D, Hip adduction; E, Knee extension; F, Ankle flexion) required to run the static optimization. Horizontal dashed lines represent 5% of the corresponding net joint moment, a reliability threshold for actuator forces/moments recommended by Hicks et al. (2015) for human simulations. Lines representing 5% of F_Y (A) and ankle plantarflexion moment (F) are not shown, as they are too large to fit on the scale. The gray area indicates the stance phase.