Table 2.
Biosensing technologies for neurodegenerative disease diagnostics and monitoring.
| Disease | Biomarker | Application | Transduction platform | Sample | LOD | Detection time | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inflammation | IL-1β | Patient monitoring | Optical | Patient Serum | 158.5 fg/mL (PBS) 1 pg/mL (diluted serum) |
<15 min (total) | Song et al., 2017 |
| IL-1β and IL-10 | Patient monitoring | Electrochemical | Spiked in buffer | 0.3 pg/mL (IL-10) 0.7 pg/mL (IL-1β) |
45 min (total) | Baraket et al., 2017 | |
| IL-10 | Patient monitoring | Electrochemical | Spiked in buffer | – | 30 min (incubation) | Baraket et al., 2016 | |
| IL-6 | Drug screening | Electrochemical | Nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line | – | 48 h (total) | Lei et al., 2016 | |
| IL-6 | Patient monitoring | Electrical | Spiked in buffer | 1.53 pg/mL | Real-time | Huang et al., 2015 | |
| TNFα | Patient monitoring | Electrochemical | Spiked Serum | 60 pg/mL | 20 min (incubation) | Arya and Estrela, 2017 | |
| TNFα | Patient monitoring | Electrochemical | Spiked Serum and Saliva | 3.7 fg/mL | 45 min (incubation) | Aydin et al., 2017 | |
| IL-12 | Diagnosis | Electrochemical | Spiked in FBS | 3.5 pg/mL | 20 min (incubation) | Bhavsar et al., 2009 | |
| MMP-9 | Patient monitoring | Electrochemical | Spiked in buffer | 15 ng/mL | - | Biela et al., 2015 | |
| IFNγ | Patient monitoring | Electrochemical | Spiked Serum | 0.048 pg/mL | 35 min (incubation) | Zhang et al., 2016 | |
| IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNFα, IFNγ | Patient monitoring | Optical | Patient Serum | 20.56 pg/mL (IL-2) 4.60 pg/mL (IL-4) 11.29 pg/mL (IL-6) 10.97 pg/mL (IL-10) 11.43 pg/mL (TNFα) 6.46 pg/mL (IFNγ) |
40 min (total) | Chen et al., 2015 | |
| AD | Aβ1−42 peptide | Diagnosis Patient monitoring |
Electrochemical | Spiked in buffer | 5.2 pg/mL | 10 min (incubation) | Carneiro et al., 2017 |
| Immunomagnetic | Spiked in artificial CSF | 5.0 pg/mL | 30 min (incubation) | Li et al., 2016 | |||
| Electrical | Spiked in buffer and plasma of mice | 0.1 pg/mL | 20 min (incubation) | Kim et al., 2016a | |||
| Spiked in serum | 1.0 pg/mL | Real-time | Oh et al., 2013 | ||||
| Aβ1−42 and total Aβ peptides | Diagnosis | Electrochemical | Spiked in artificial CSF | 5 pM | 80 min (total) | Liu et al., 2014 | |
| Aβ1−42 and Aβ1−40 peptides | Diagnosis Fundamental studies |
Electrochemical (Multiplex) | Spiked in CSF of mice | 20 nM | ~10 min (incubation) | Prabhulkar et al., 2012 | |
| Optical (Multiplex with microfluidics) | Patient CSF | 3.3 pM (Aβ1−40) 3.5 pM (Aβ1−42) |
- | Xia et al., 2010 | |||
| Aβ1−42, Aβ1−40 peptides and tau protein | Diagnosis | Optical | Spiked in artificial plasma | 34.9 fM (Aβ1−40) 26 fM (Aβ1−42) 23.6 fM (tau protein) |
60 min (incubation) | Kim et al., 2018 | |
| Aβ oligomer | Diagnosis Patient monitoring |
Electrochemical | Conditioned media of 7PA2 CHO cells | 0.5 pM | 20 min (incubation) | Rushworth et al., 2014 | |
| Spiked in artificial CSF | 100 pM | 60 min (incubation) | Zhou et al., 2016 | ||||
| Spiked in Serum and CSF | 6 pM | 20 min (incubation) | Xing et al., 2017 | ||||
| Optical | Spiked in buffer | 0.2 nM | 5 min (incubation) | Xia et al., 2016 | |||
| O-GlcNAc transferase activity | Drug screening Fundamental studies |
Electrochemical | Spiked in buffer | – | ~120 min (total) | Yang et al., 2017 | |
| Tau protein | Diagnosis | Electrochemical | Spiked in serum | 0.03 pM | 25 min (incubation) | Wang et al., 2017 | |
| 1000 pg/mL | 3 h (incubation) | Dai et al., 2017 | |||||
| Acetylcholine | Diagnosis | Electrochemical | Spiked in serum | 4 nM | 4 s (total) | Chauhan et al., 2017 | |
| Spiked in buffers | 10 μM | 3 min (total) | Moreira et al., 2017 | ||||
| Serum | 5 nM | 3 s (total) | Chauhan and Pundir, 2014 | ||||
| Apolipoprotein E | Diagnosis | Electrochemical | Spiked in buffer | 286 nM | 2h (incubation) | Cheng et al., 2014 | |
| Optical | Spiked in buffer | 5 μg/mL | 15 min (total) | Sciacca et al., 2013 | |||
| Fibrinogen | Diagnosis | Optical | Patient plasma | 20 ng/mL | 2h (incubation) | Kim et al., 2016b | |
| BACE1 | Diagnosis Patient Monitoring |
Optical | Spiked plasma and cell lysates | 500 fM | 60 min (incubation) | Vilela et al., 2017 | |
| Drug screening | Optical | BACE1 inhibitors | – | – | Christopeit et al., 2011 | ||
| PD | Dopamine | Diagnosis | Optical | Spiked in buffer | 40 nM | 30 min (incubation) | Yildirim and Bayindir, 2014 |
| Electrical | Spiked samples | 10 pM (PBS) 1 nM (Serum) |
Real time (total) | Park et al., 2014 | |||
| Electrical | Spiked in buffer | 100 fM | Real time (total) | Lee et al., 2015 | |||
| Optical | Spiked in CSF | 0.830 nM | 5 min (incubation) | Govindaraju et al., 2017 | |||
| Dopamine and Uric acid | Diagnosis | Electrochemical | Patient Serum | 1 nM | – | Yue et al., 2014 | |
| α-synuclein | Diagnosis | Photoelectrochemical | Spiked in buffer | 34 pg/mL | 60 min (incubation) | An et al., 2010 | |
| Thrombin | Diagnosis | Electrochemical | Patient blood and CSF | 1 fM | 3h (total) | Heydari-Bafrooei et al., 2016 | |
| Acetylcholinesterase | Drug screening | Photoelectrochemical | (R)-Sal; (R)-NMSal |
– | – | Huang et al., 2013 | |
| MS | Autoantibodies | Diagnosis Patient monitoring | Optical | Patient serum | – | 4 min (incubation) | Real-Fernández et al., 2012 |
| Electrochemical | Patient serum and CSF | 0.1495 ng/mL (gelatin-TiO2-MBP) | 30 min (incubation) (gelatin-TiO2-MBP) | Derkus et al., 2013 | |||
| Myelin Basic Protein Tau protein |
Diagnosis | Electrochemical | Spiked serum and CSF | 0.30 nM (Myelin basic protein) 0.15 nM (Tau protein) |
– | Derkus et al., 2017 |
LOD, Limit of detection; Aβ, Amyloid; (R)-Sal: 1(R)- methyl-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline; (R)-NMSal: 1(R),2(N)-dimethyl-6,7-dihydroxy- 1,2,3,4-tetra-hydroisoquinoline.