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. 2018 May 22;8:7993. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-26287-7

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Comparison of tactile stimulus-evoked and Focused ultrasound stimulation (FUS)-elicited fMRI BOLD activations in the macaque brain. (A) Representative single run coronal fMRI activation maps evoked by 8 Hz stimulation of distal finger pads of digits 2&3 of left hand of subject 1. Activation maps are thresholded at t > 2.8, p = 0.005, q = 0.012, FDR corrected. (B) Representative single run coronal fMRI activation maps evoked by FUS stimulation of the areas 3a/3b region of right hemisphere of subject 2. Activation maps are thresholded at t > 3.3, p = 0.001, q = 0.003, FDR corrected. Green oval outlines indicate the focus (25% power) locations of the ultrasound beam. Magenta outlines show the areas 3a/3b region. WM: white matter. ACC: anterior cingulate cortex. PCC: posterior cingulate cortex. Ins: insular cortex. 3a/b: areas 3a and 3b. 1–2: areas 1 and 2. VL: thalamic ventral-lateral nucleus. GPe: globus pallidus. D: dorsal. V: ventral. L: left. R: right. Six coronal images are arranged from rostral to caudal direction (top left to bottom right). (C) A diagram shows the two experimental conditions examined in the study: peripheral tactile stimulation of digits and direct cortical stimulation with FUS. (D) BOLD signal time courses derived from areas 3a/3b voxels during tactile and ultrasound stimulation (top panel) and at rest (without stimulation, bottom panel). Light pink background strips indicate the stimulus duration, they are for reference only in the resting state panel.