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. 2018 May 23;9:2036. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-04376-5

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Effect of microglia hyperactivation on basal network activity in somatosensory pyramidal neurons. a Example action potential (AP) firing profiles, showing the typical regular spiking behavior of layer V S1 pyramidal neurons both in control and in A20^Cx3Cr1-KO neurons. Responses to hyperpolarizing (−150 pA) and suprathreshold (400 pA) current injections are shown. b Example sEPSC traces, 2s stretches. c Examples of individual sEPSC events. Individual events shown in gray, averaged event shown as overlay (control, black; A20^Cx3Cr1-KO, red). d Cumulative probability distributions of inter-event sEPSC intervals (IEIs) for control (black) or A20^Cx3Cr1-KO (red) cells. e sEPSC frequency (control (black) 5.76 ± 0.58 Hz, n/m = 21/3; A20^Cx3Cr1-KO (red) 14.8 ± 1.29 Hz, n/m = 20/3; ****p < 0.0001). Data represents means ± SEM. Number of cells (n), number of animals (m). Statistical differences were determined by a two-tailed Wilcoxon matched-paired t-test. f Cumulative probability distributions for sEPSC amplitudes in control (black) or A20^Cx3Cr1-KO (red) cells. g sEPSC amplitudes (control 19.3 ± 0.69 pA, n/m = 21/3; A20^Cx3Cr1-KO 16.5 ± 0.87 pA, n/m = 20/3; **p = 0.0013). Data represents means ± SEM. Number cells (n), number of animals (m). Statistical differences were determined by a two-tailed unpaired Mann–Whitney t-test. h Cognitive flexibility in Morris water maze reversal learning was similar in control (A20^FL, n = 12) and A20^Cx3Cr1-KO mice (n = 9). i In the reversal probe trial, controls displayed significant target quadrant preference, while A20^Cx3Cr1-KO mice did not (T: target quadrant, O: opposite quadrant, A1: adjacent 1 quadrant, A2: adjacent 2 quadrant). Chance level at 25% is indicated. j During the reversal probe trial, control animals searched closer to the correct reversal location for the platform than to the old location (distance to platform), while A20^Cx3Cr1-KO mice searched at equidistance to both locations. All data (h–j) are represented as means ± SEM and statistical differences were determined by repeated measures two-way ANOVA (h, i) and two-way ANOVA (j) using Bonferroni correction for post hoc analysis (h–j) (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001)