Table 2.
Pretest-posttest evaluation instruments.
| Instruments | Variables | Task | Psychometric data: reliability and validity |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cyberbullying: Screening of Peer Harassment (Garaigordobil, 2013) |
Bullying and Cyberbullying: Victimization Perpetration Observation Cybervictimization Cyberperpetration Cyberobservation |
Report if they have suffered, carried out, and seen bullying behaviors (physical, verbal, social, and psychological aggressive behaviors) and 15 cyberbullying behaviors in the past year on a Likert scale ranging from 0 to 3 | Bullying: Reliability: Total (α = 0.81), Victimization (α = 0.70), Perpetration (α = 0.71), Observation (α = 0.80). Cyberbullying: Reliability: Total (α = 0.91), Cybervictimization (α = 0.82), Cyberperpetration (α = 0.91) Cyberobservation (α = 0.87). Factor analysis confirmed a 3-factor structure (victims, aggressors, observers in the Bullying and Cyberbullying Scales, which explain, respectively, 57.89 and 40.15% of the variance). |
| CUVE- R. Revised Questionnaire of School Violence; (Álvarez-García et al., 2011) |
Diverse types of school violence: teachers' violence toward students, students' physical and verbal violence, social exclusion, disruption in the classroom, violence by means of ICT |
31 statements that refer to face-to-face and ICT bullying behaviors, and they must indicate the frequency with which they observed them happening, rating this frequency on a scale from 1 to 5 | Reliability: α = 0.92. Validity: Confirmatory factor analysis evidences the six factors. |
| AVE. Bullying and School Violence Questionnaire (Piñuel and Oñate, 2006) |
Global bullying index | 50 statements on behaviors of harassment, intimidation, and threats to integrity, coercion, social exclusion…. The teenager reports the frequency with which what is described in the sentence has happened to him/her. | Reliability: α = 0.95. |
| CAPI-A. Adolescents' Premeditated and Impulsive Aggressiveness Questionnaire (Andreu, 2010) |
Aggressiveness: Impulsive Premeditated |
24 statements about ways of thinking, feeling, or acting that participants self-apply and rate the degree of agreement with the contents on a 1–5 scale | Reliability: Premeditated Aggressiveness α = 0.83; Impulsive Aggressiveness α = 0.82. Convergent validity: significant correlations between impulsiveness and reactive aggressiveness; premeditated aggression and proactive aggressiveness. |
| AECS. Attitudes and Social Cognitive Strategies Questionnaire (Moraleda et al., 2004) |
Social Behaviors: Social conformity Help-collaboration Self-assurance-firmness Prosocial leadership Aggressiveness-stubbornness Dominance Apathy-withdrawal Social anxiety |
71 statements about positive and negative social behaviors that participants self-apply and rate the extent to which they carry out the described acts on a 1–7 scale. | Reliability: Positive Behaviors α = 0.75; Negative Behaviors α = 0.85. Criterial validity: social adaptation. Convergent validity: correlation analysis between the Criteria Socialization scores of the BAS. |
| RSE. Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965) | Self-Esteem | 10 statements about self-esteem that participants self-apply and rate their degree of agreement on scale of 1–4. | Reliability: α = 0.74. Validity: unidimensional measure of self-esteem found in numerous studies. |
| CONFLICTALK. Conflictalk. An instrument for measuring youth and adolescent conflict-management message styles (Kymsey and Fuller, 2003) |
Conflict-management message styles: Aggressive Cooperative Avoidant |
18 statements about ways to resolve conflicts. They should rate each statement on a scale of 1 to 5 (“I never say things like that”/"I almost always say things like that”) | Reliability: Cooperative α = 0.87; Aggressive α = 0.81; Avoidant α = 0.63. Validity: positive correlations between communication skills and cooperative resolution; and negative correlations with aggressive and avoidant resolution. |
| IECA Index of Empathy for Children and Adolescents (Bryant, 1982) | Empathy | 22 statements about empathic behaviors and feelings that participants self-apply and rate the degree of agreement on a scale of 1–7. | Reliability: α = 0.68 and α = 0.79. Validity: positive correlations with empathy of other scales and negative with antisocial behavior |