Table 3.
Means, Standard Deviations, Results of the Pretest ANOVAs, of Pretest-Posttest ANCOVAs, and Effect Size (d) in all variables in Experimental and Control groups.
| Pretest | Pretest-Posttest Differences | Pretest ANOVA | Pretest-Posttest ANCOVA | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Experimental | Control | Experimental | Control | |||||||||||
| M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | F(1, 174) | p | d | F(1, 174) | p | d | |
| Victimization of bullying | 0.75 | 1.10 | 0.55 | 1.01 | −0.18 | 1.12 | 0.39 | 1.90 | 1.53 | 0.217 | 0.18 | 5.22 | 0.024 | 0.36 |
| Perpetration of bullying | 1.57 | 1.88 | 0.54 | 0.86 | −0.87 | 1.91 | 0.39 | 1.41 | 20.80 | 0.000 | 0.70 | 5.46 | 0.021 | 0.75 |
| Observation of bullying | 3.73 | 2.69 | 2.16 | 2.18 | −1.11 | 2.93 | 0.27 | 2.63 | 17.86 | 0.000 | 0.64 | 1.25 | 0.264 | 0.49 |
| Aggressive-victimization (bullying) | 2.32 | 2.36 | 1.10 | 1.51 | −1.06 | 2.38 | 0.77 | 3.04 | 16.40 | 0.000 | 0.61 | 6.87 | 0.010 | 0.67 |
| Victimization of cyberbullying | 1.20 | 3.26 | 0.90 | 3.41 | −1.10 | 3.27 | 0.61 | 4.64 | 0.35 | 0.551 | 0.10 | 13.89 | 0.000 | 0.42 |
| Perpetration of cyberbullying | 0.69 | 1.43 | 0.25 | 0.93 | −0.65 | 1.41 | 0.45 | 1.73 | 5.52 | 0.020 | 0.36 | 14.55 | 0.000 | 0.69 |
| Observation of cyberbullying | 3.29 | 3.24 | 2.60 | 2.94 | −0.38 | 3.66 | 0.77 | 4.97 | 2.14 | 0.145 | 0.22 | 3.63 | 0.058 | 0.27 |
| Aggressive-victimiz. (cyberbullying) | 1.89 | 3.80 | 1.16 | 3.69 | −1.75 | 3.78 | 1.04 | 6.01 | 1.68 | 0.196 | 0.19 | 14.89 | 0.000 | 0.56 |
| Bullying victimization | 4.84 | 6.98 | 3.67 | 5.15 | −3.16 | 6.52 | 2.41 | 10.15 | 1.55 | 0.215 | 0.19 | 19.50 | 0.000 | 0.65 |
| Teachers' Violence toward Students | 16.56 | 6.48 | 12.67 | 4.79 | −1.96 | 5.70 | 1.91 | 4.79 | 20.00 | 0.000 | 0.68 | 7.43 | 0.007 | 0.73 |
| Students' Physical Violence | 13.22 | 4.56 | 10.55 | 3.77 | −1.59 | 4.33 | 1.12 | 4.08 | 17.48 | 0.000 | 0.63 | 4.34 | 0.039 | 0.64 |
| Students' Verbal Violence | 15.16 | 4.58 | 11.66 | 3.56 | −2.75 | 4.71 | 1.46 | 3.93 | 31.43 | 0.000 | 0.85 | 11.49 | 0.001 | 0.97 |
| Social Exclusion | 5.40 | 1.88 | 4.81 | 1.79 | −0.98 | 1.86 | 0.49 | 1.90 | 4.50 | 0.035 | 0.32 | 21.55 | 0.000 | 0.78 |
| Disruption in the Classroom | 8.26 | 2.94 | 7.11 | 2.71 | −0.35 | 3.14 | 0.54 | 2.77 | 7.18 | 0.008 | 0.40 | 0.09 | 0.763 | 0.30 |
| ICT Violence | 9.63 | 4.08 | 7.45 | 2.18 | −2.41 | 3.04 | 1.00 | 3.46 | 18.97 | 0.000 | 0.66 | 33.56 | 0.000 | 1.04 |
| Premeditated Aggressiveness | 29.05 | 7.56 | 25.45 | 6.43 | −6.09 | 10.38 | 1.38 | 8.66 | 11.34 | 0.001 | 0.51 | 31.14 | 0.000 | 0.78 |
| Impulsive Aggressiveness | 32.38 | 10.25 | 30.18 | 8.64 | −9.21 | 10.46 | −1.76 | 8.02 | 2.30 | 0.131 | 0.22 | 34.85 | 0.000 | 0.79 |
| Social conformity | 39.56 | 11.48 | 40.24 | 10.74 | 6.82 | 13.55 | −0.81 | 13.47 | 0.16 | 0.686 | 0.06 | 17.16 | 0.000 | 0.56 |
| Help-collaboration | 49.99 | 12.46 | 50.50 | 11.02 | 2.86 | 12.27 | −1.96 | 12.37 | 0.08 | 0.777 | 0.04 | 8.38 | 0.004 | 0.39 |
| Self-assurance-firmness | 52.98 | 12.18 | 52.76 | 10.42 | 2.84 | 13.22 | −3.91 | 14.89 | 0.01 | 0.899 | 0.01 | 13.46 | 0.000 | 0.47 |
| Prosocial leadership | 17.30 | 5.91 | 17.60 | 5.62 | 0.56 | 5.44 | −1.39 | 6.55 | 0.11 | 0.736 | 0.05 | 4.06 | 0.045 | 0.32 |
| Aggressiveness-stubbornness | 25.12 | 8.72 | 24.18 | 11.27 | −2.65 | 9.20 | −2.05 | 13.12 | 0.37 | 0.540 | 0.09 | 0.00 | 0.980 | 0.05 |
| Dominance | 12.77 | 8.48 | 13.17 | 8.28 | −1.35 | 7.72 | −1.52 | 8.91 | 0.10 | 0.753 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.931 | 0.02 |
| Apathy-withdrawal | 23.10 | 9.73 | 23.06 | 8.78 | −2.96 | 8.75 | −0.91 | 10.13 | 0.00 | 0.978 | 0.00 | 3.12 | 0.079 | 0.21 |
| Social anxiety | 16.53 | 8.82 | 19.17 | 9.12 | −0.65 | 8.93 | −0.76 | 9.04 | 3.71 | 0.056 | 0.29 | 1.47 | 0.227 | 0.01 |
| Avoidant Conflict Resolution | 12.02 | 4.79 | 12.12 | 4.25 | −1.25 | 5.73 | 0.35 | 4.66 | 0.02 | 0.885 | 02 | 7.32 | 0.007 | 0.30 |
| Aggressive Conflict Resolution | 10.59 | 4.65 | 9.45 | 3.28 | −2.51 | 4.22 | −0.02 | 3.69 | 3.41 | 0.066 | 0.28 | 16.89 | 0.000 | 0.65 |
| Cooperative Conflict Resolution | 18.26 | 8.11 | 17.71 | 6.51 | 2.35 | 8.09 | −0.04 | 6.55 | 0.24 | 0.622 | 0.07 | 10.74 | 0.001 | 0.33 |
| Self-esteem | 30.80 | 6.79 | 31.67 | 5.92 | 4.02 | 7.41 | −0.81 | 5.97 | 0.79 | 0.374 | 0.13 | 30.07 | 0.000 | 0.71 |
| Capacity for empathy | 96.15 | 21.22 | 97.48 | 18.42 | 7.20 | 17.43 | 0.60 | 11.69 | 0.19 | 0.664 | 0.06 | 11.77 | 0.001 | 0.28 |
d, Cohen's effect size. Experimental n = 93, Control n = 83.