Table 2.

Study 1: Comparison of writing in the current research with other forms of linguistic expression (Pennebaker et al., 2015b).

	Means from current research		Means from Pennebaker et al. (2015b)
Word type	Hopes	Duties	Blogs	Expressive writing	Novels	Natural speech	NY times	Twitter
HOPES HIGHER
Analytical/categorical vs. dynamic	69.01	53.94	49.89	44.88	70.33	18.43	92.57	61.94
Emotional tone	61.77	43.13	54.50	38.60	37.06	79.29	43.61	72.24
Positive emotion	3.82	2.27	3.66	2.57	2.67	5.31	2.32	5.48
Achievement	4.38	2.38	1.27	1.37	0.91	0.99	1.82	1.45
Reward	3.56	1.80	1.49	1.56	1.04	1.73	1.07	1.86
Work	9.72	5.88	2.04	2.64	1.20	2.87	4.49	2.16
Leisure	2.89	0.90	1.50	1.17	0.56	1.11	1.67	2.11
DUTIES HIGHER
Clout/status	24.73	34.59	47.87	37.02	75.37	56.27	68.17	63.02
Words per sentence	15.52	18.26	18.40	18.42	16.13	–	21.94	12.10
Total function words	53.33	58.40	53.10	58.27	54.51	56.86	42.39	46.08
Total pronouns	15.54	19.24	16.20	18.03	15.15	20.92	7.41	13.62
Personal pronouns	12.31	14.80	10.66	12.74	10.35	13.37	3.56	9.02
Third person singular	0.20	1.86	1.50	2.01	4.80	0.77	1.53	0.64
Conjunctions	4.69	6.62	6.43	7.46	6.28	6.21	4.85	4.19
Negations	0.42	1.27	1.81	1.69	1.68	2.42	0.62	1.74
Negative emotion	0.41	1.53	2.06	2.12	2.08	1.19	1.45	2.14
Social processes	4.39	9.82	8.95	8.69	12.26	10.42	7.62	10.47
Family	0.70	2.01	0.46	0.77	0.39	0.31	0.33	0.36
Friends	0.15	0.92	0.40	0.55	0.25	0.37	0.18	0.43
Female references	0.31	2.03	0.91	1.37	1.88	0.55	0.62	0.54
Male references	0.41	1.38	1.31	1.47	4.09	0.80	1.38	0.84
Differentiation	1.31	2.67	3.31	3.40	2.82	3.73	2.03	2.62
Affiliation	1.45	3.39	2.20	2.45	1.39	2.06	1.69	2.53