Table 1.
Spectrum and relative prevalence of lung involvements in rheumatic diseases.
| Parenchymal | Pleural | Vascular | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ILD | Airways | PAH | DAH | ||
| Rheumatoid arthritis | ++ | ++ | ++ | + | – |
| Systemic sclerosis | +++ | – | – | +++ | – |
| Myositis | +++ | – | – | + | – |
| Systemic lupus erythematosus | + | + | +++ | + | ++ |
The signs show relative prevalence of each manifestation (none: –, low: +, medium: ++, and high: +++); ILD: interstitial lung disease; DAH: diffuse alveolar hemorrhage; PAH: pulmonary arterial hypertension (cited and modified from “Interstitial Lung Disease in Connective Tissue Disorders” by A. Fischer and R. du Bois. Lancet 2012; 380: 689–98).