Table 1.
Strains analysed in this study
| Strain | Toxinotype | netB+ | Source | Associated Disease | Country | Genome sequence | Clade | Reference | Accession |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0522A_28_397 | A | – | Human | unknown | USA | + | NP | NCBI | MKXR0000000.1 |
| 1207_CPER | A | – | Hospital | unknown | USA | + | NP | [81] | JVYV0000000 |
| 2789STDY | A | – | Human | No Disease | – | + | NP | Sanger | CYYX0000000 |
| 94–5224 | A | + | Chicken | Necrotic enteritis | USA | – | – | This study | a |
| 96–7415 | A | + | Chicken | Necrotic enteritis | USA | + | 3 | This study | PJTF00000000 |
| 98.78718–2 | A | + | Chicken | Necrotic enteritis | DEN | + | 1B | [25] | PJTE00000000 |
| ATCC3626 | B | – | Lamb | – | – | + | NP | [18] | ABDV0000000 |
| ATCC13124 | A | – | Human | Gas Gangrene | – | + | NP | [14] | CP000246 |
| BER-NE332 | A | – | Chicken | Necrotic enteritis | AUS | + | 3 | [25] | PJTD00000000 |
| CP41 | A | + | Chicken | Necrotic enteritis | CAN | + | 1A | [23] | LIYI0000000 |
| EHE-NE3 | A | + | Chicken | Necrotic enteritis | AUS | – | – | [82] | a |
| EHE-NE4 | A | + | Chicken | Necrotic enteritis | AUS | – | – | [82] | a |
| EHE-NE51 | A | + | Chicken | Necrotic enteritis | AUS | – | – | [82] | a |
| EHE-NE7 | A | + | Chicken | Necrotic enteritis | AUS | + | 2 | [82] | PJTC00000000 |
| EHE-NE181 | A | + | Chicken | Necrotic enteritis | AUS | + | 1B | [10] | CP025501 |
| EHE-NE20 | A | + | Chicken | Necrotic enteritis | AUS | – | – | [10] | a |
| EUR-NE151 | A | + | Chicken | Necrotic enteritis | AUS | + | 1B | [10] | PJTB00000000 |
| F262 | A | – | Cow | Bovine abomastis | CAN | + | NP | [11] | AFES0000000 |
| F4969 | A | – | Human | non-food-borne diarrhoea | Europe | + | NP | [18] | ABDX0000000 |
| FC1 | A | + | Chicken | Necrotic enteritis | USA | – | – | This study | a |
| FC2 | A | + | Chicken | Necrotic enteritis | USA | + | 1B | This study | PJTA00000000 |
| FORC_003 | A | – | Human | Food poisoning | SKR | + | NP | FORC | CP009557 |
| FORC_025 | A | – | Human | Food poisoning | SKR | + | NP | FORC | CP013101 |
| GNP-1 | A | + | Chicken | Necrotic enteritis | USA | + | 1A | This study | PJSZ00000000 |
| ITX1105-12MP | A | + | Chicken | Necrotic enteritis | USA | + | 1A | This study | PJSY00000000 |
| JGS1495 | C | – | Pig | Diarrhoea | – | + | NP | [18] | ABDU0000000 |
| JGS1721 | D | – | Sheep | Enteritis | – | + | NP | [18] | ABOO0000000 |
| JGS1987 | E | – | Cow | Enteritis | – | + | NP | [18] | ABDW0000000 |
| JGS41431 | A | + | Chicken | Necrotic enteritis | USA | + | 2 | [23] | |
| JJC | A | – | Environment | No Disease | MY | + | NP | [18] | AWRZ0000000 |
| JP55 | A | – | Horse | Necrotizing enteritis | CAN | + | NP | [83] | CP010993 |
| JP838 | A | – | Dog | Necrotizing enteritis | CAN | + | NP | [83] | CP010994 |
| K473 | A | – | Chicken | Necrotic enteritis | AUS | + | 3 | This study | PJSX00000000 |
| Kendall1 | A | + | Chicken | Necrotic enteritis | USA | – | – | This study | a |
| Mugdale 5 | A | – | Chicken | Healthy | AUS | – | – | [30] | a |
| NAG-NE12 | A | – | Chicken | Necrotic enteritis | AUS | + | 3 | [82] | PJSW00000000 |
| NAG-NE252 | A | – | Chicken | Necrotic enteritis | AUS | + | 3 | [82] | |
| NAG-NE311 | A | + | Chicken | Necrotic enteritis | AUS | + | 1A | [25] | PJSV00000000 |
| NCTC 8239 | A | – | Human | Food poisoning | UK | + | NP | [18] | ABDY0000000 |
| NobL12 | C | – | Chicken | Necrotic enteritis | USA | + | 3 | This study | PJSU00000000 |
| PBD12 | A | – | Chicken | Healthy | AUS | + | 4 | [30] | PJST00000000 |
| PBS4 | A | – | Chicken | Healthy | AUS | – | – | [30] | a |
| PBS52 | A | – | Chicken | Healthy | AUS | + | 4 | [30] | PJSS00000000 |
| PC52 | A | – | Chicken | Healthy | AUS | + | 4 | [30] | PJSR00000000 |
| Pennington | A | + | Chicken | Necrotic enteritis | USA | + | 1A | This study | PJSQ00000000 |
| SAF-1 | A | – | Chicken | Healthy | AUS | + | 3 | This study | PJSP00000000 |
| SM101 | A | – | Human | Food poisoning | UK | + | NP | [14] | CP000312 |
| 112 | A | – | Chicken | Healthy | BEL | + | 3 | [35] | PJSO00000000 |
| 132 | A | – | Soil | Gas gangrene | – | + | NP | [66] | BA000016 |
| 371 | A | + | Chicken | Necrotic enteritis | BEL | + | 2 | [35] | PJSN00000000 |
| 482 | A | – | Chicken | Necrotic enteritis | BEL | + | 3 | [35] | PJTN00000000 |
| 671 | A | + | Chicken | Necrotic enteritis | BEL | + | 2 | [35] | PJSM00000000 |
| SOM-NE341 | A | + | Chicken | Necrotic enteritis | AUS | + | 2 | [25] | PJSL00000000 |
| SOM-NE351 | A | + | Chicken | Necrotic enteritis | AUS | + | 2 | [25] | PJTM00000000 |
| TAM-NE38 | A | + | Chicken | Necrotic enteritis | AUS | + | 1A | This study | PJTL00000000 |
| TAM-NE40 | A | + | Chicken | Necrotic enteritis | AUS | + | 1A | This study | PJSK00000000 |
| SYD-NE41 | A | + | Chicken | Necrotic enteritis | AUS | + | 1B | This study | PJUV00000000 |
| TAM-NE42 | A | + | Chicken | Necrotic enteritis | AUS | + | 3 | This study | PJSJ00000000 |
| TAM-NE43 | A | + | Chicken | Necrotic enteritis | AUS | + | 3 | This study | PJTK00000000 |
| TAM-NE46 | A | + | Chicken | Necrotic enteritis | AUS | + | 1A | This study | PJSI00000000 |
| TAM-NE47 | A | + | Chicken | Necrotic enteritis | AUS | – | 1A | This study | a |
| T3381 | A | – | Chicken | Necrotic enteritis | AUS | + | 3 | This study | PJTJ00000000 |
| UDE 95–6812 | A | + | Chicken | Necrotic enteritis | USA | + | 1A | This study | PJTI00000000 |
| W1319 | A | – | Chicken | Necrotic enteritis | AUS | + | 3 | This study | PJSH00000000 |
| WAL-14572 | A | – | Human | No Disease | – | + | NP | [18] | ADLP0000000 |
| Warren1 | A | + | Chicken | Necrotic enteritis | USA | + | 1A | This study | PJTH00000000 |
| WER-NE361 | A | + | Chicken | Necrotic enteritis | AUS | + | 2 | [84] | PJTG00000000 |
1Isolate has been tested in a disease induction model and demonstrated to be virulent
2Isolate has been tested in a disease induction model and demonstrated to be avirulent
aThese isolates were not sequenced. They were only used for PFGE analysis