Table 4.
Overview of the Included Quantitative Studies with Patients, HCPs, or Patients and HCPs
| Author & Reference | Year | Country | Diabetes Type Patients or HCPs |
Aim | Sample and Recruitment | Data Collection |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ary [48] | 1986 | USA | Insulin T2DM & Non-insulin T2DM Patients only |
To assess levels of regime adherence and reasons for non-adherence in T1DM and T2DM | Patients with T1DM (n = 24) Non-insulin T2DM (n = 125) Insulin T2DM (n = 59) Recruited by doctors, newspaper adverts & American Diabetes Association meetings |
Face-to-face Questionnaire |
| Brod [49] | 2012a | USA, Canada, Japan, Germany, UK and Denmark |
Insulin T2DM Patients and HCPs |
To estimate the prevalence of self-treated hypoglycaemia in patients using basal analogues. To identify demographic treatment-related and behavioural risk factors. To describe patient and physician responses to these in the Global Attitude of Patients and Physicians 2 (GAPP2) study. |
T2DM Patients using basal insulin analogues (n = 3,042) Physicians (n = 1,222): Specialists (45%) PCPs (55%) Online research panel |
Cross-sectional online questionnaire |
| Brod [50]. | 2012b | USA, Canada, Japan, Germany, UK and Denmark |
Insulin T2DM Patients and HCPs |
To describe basal insulin analogue dosing irregularities; the effect on patient functioning, well-being and management; and the identification of patients most at risk in the GAPP2 study. | T2DM Patients using basal insulin analogues (n = 3,042) Physicians (n = 1,222): Specialists (45%) PCPs (55%) Online research panel |
Cross-sectional online questionnaire |
| Brod [51] | 2012c | USA, UK, Germany and France | T1DM, Insulin T2DM & Non-insulin T2DM Patients only |
To determine how non-severe nocturnal hypoglycaemic events (NSNHEs) affect diabetes management, sleep quality, functioning, and to assess if these impacts differ by diabetes type or country. | T1DM and T2DM patients (n = 1086) who experienced NSNHE in the last month: T1DM (n = 676) Non-Insulin T2DM (n = 124) Insulin T2DM (n = 286) Online venues |
Web-based survey |
| Brod [52] | 2013a | USA, UK, Germany, Canada, France, Italy, Spain, Netherlands and Sweden | T1DM, Insulin T2DM & Non-insulin T2DM Patients only |
To explore the burden and impact of NSNHEs on diabetes management, patient monitoring and well-being to better understand the role NSNHEs play in caring for people with diabetes and to facilitate optimal diabetes treatment strategies. | Patients (n = 2,108) with: T1DM or T2DM. T1DM (n = 692) Non-insulin T2DM (n = 543) Insulin T2DM (n = 873) Online venues |
Web based survey |
| Cefalu [53] | 2008 | USA, Mexico, UK, France, Germany, Spain and Brazil | Insulin T2DM & Non-Insulin T2DM Patients only |
To understand patients’ perspectives to achieving good glycaemic control and determine how their perceptions of insulin may affect their decisions to initiate or intensify insulin. | T2DM adults (n = 1,444) of which: Insulin T2DM (n = 469) Online databases |
Structured online and telephone survey. |
| Cuddihy [54] | 2011 | Germany, Japan, Spain, Turkey, UK and USA | HCPs Only | To investigate the opinions of PCPs and diabetes specialists on their perceived role in tackling T2DM and the challenges they face, particularly to insulin intensification. | Diabetes specialist physicians (n = 300) PCPs (n = 300) Recruited by telephone and online panels |
Online survey |
| Diago-Cabezudo [55] | 2013 | Europe | T1DM & Insulin T2DM Patients only |
To evaluate the effects of hypoglycaemia on the lives of patients with DM and determine if SMBG to prevent hypoglycaemic is an appealing and widely accepted concept. | Insulin treated patients (n = 1,848) T1DM (n = 924) Insulin T2DM (n = 924) Online databases |
Online survey |
| Fulcher [56] | 2014 | Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Israel, Mexico and South Africa | T1DM, Insulin T2DM & Non-insulin T2DM Patients only |
To understand the impact of nocturnal and daytime non-severe hypoglycaemic events on healthcare systems, work productivity & QOL in T1DM or T2DM. | T1DM (n = 64) Non-insulin T2DM (n = 76) Insulin T2DM (n = 160) Recruited from online panels and by HCPs |
Online and face-to-face surveys |
| Leiter [57] | 2005 | Canada | T1DM & Insulin T2DM Patients only |
To assess impact of mild, moderate and severe hypoglycaemia and fear of future episodes on patients with T1DM or insulin-treated T2DM |
Adults with insulin treated T2DM (n = 335) T1DM (n = 202) insulin T2DM (n = 133) Diabetes Clinics |
Self-administered questionnaire |
| Leiter [58] | 2014 | Canada | Insulin T2DM Patients and HCPs |
To assess the frequency and impact of dosing irregularities and self-treated hypoglycaemia in T2DM patients treated with insulin analogues in the GAPP2 study. | Patients with Insulin treated T2DM (n = 156) Physicians (n = 202) Of which: PCPs (n = 160) Specialists (n = 42) Online panels and HCP registers |
Online survey |
| Mehmet [59] | 2015 | UK | T1DM & Insulin T2DM Patients only |
To determine if patients report problems with injecting insulin/SMBG in front of others and explore reasons why. | Insulin T2DM (n = 27) T1DM (n = 49) Hospital Clinic |
Self-completed questionnaire |
| Mitchell [60] | 2013 | UK | Insulin T2DM & Non-insulin T2DM Patients only |
To characterize hypoglycaemic events in T2DM and assess the relationship between the experiences and health outcomes. | T2DM adults (n = 1,329) of which: Insulin T2DM (n = 301) Research survey panel |
Longitudinal online survey |
| Mollema [61] | 2001 | Netherlands | T1DM & Insulin T2DM Patients only |
To examine functioning and self-management of insulin treated patients suffering from extreme fear of self-injecting and/or fear of self-testing. | Patients with insulin treated diabetes (n = 1,275) of which: T1DM (n = 740) T2DM (n = 535) Randomly drawn from the Dutch Diabetes Association |
Cross-sectional postal questionnaire |
| Mosnier-Pudar [62] | 2009 | France | Insulin T2DM & Non-insulin T2DM Patients only |
To describe T2DM from the patient’s standpoint in a representative French panel in 2008. | T2DM Patients (n = 1,092) of which: Non-Insulin (n = 885) Insulin T2DM (n = 207) From a polling institute in France |
Postal questionnaire |
| Peyrot [63] | 2012a | China, Japan, USA, Germany, Spain, France, Turkey & UK |
T1DM & Insulin T2DM Patients only |
To examine factors associated with insulin injection omission/ non-adherence in the Global Attitude of Patients and Physicians (GAPP) Study. | Insulin treated DM adults (n = 1,530) of which: T1DM (n = 110) T2DM (n = 1,420) Research panels |
Cross-sectional telephone survey |
| Peyrot [64] | 2012b | China, Japan, USA, Germany, Spain, France, Turkey & UK |
T1DM & Insulin T2DM Patients and HCPs |
To examine patient and physician beliefs regarding insulin therapy and degree to which patients adhere to insulin regimes in the GAPP Study. | Insulin treated DM adults (n = 1,530) of which: T1DM (n = 180) T2DM (n = 1,350) Physicians (n = 1,250) of which Specialists (n = 600) PCPs (n = 650) Research panels |
Cross-sectional telephone survey |
| Rubin [65] | 2009 | USA | T1DM & Insulin T2DM Patients and HCPs |
To compare patients’ perceptions of injection-related problems with clinicians’ estimates of those problems. | Insulin treated adults (n = 501) of which T2DM (n = 385) PCPs (n = 101) Endocrinologists (n = 100) Diabetes Educators (n = 100) Chronic illness panel, Medical Register and Research database. |
Online survey |
| Shiu [66] | 2004 | Hong Kong | Insulin T2DM Patients only |
To examine the relationship between a sense of coherence, fear of hypoglycaemia and metabolic control to identify whether other variables including age, hypoglycaemic experience and adherence to self-care practice, confounded the findings from two Swedish studies. | Insulin treated T2DM adults (n = 72) Diabetes Centre |
Cross-sectional face-to-face questionnaire |
| Siminerio [67] | 2007 | USA | HCPs only | To examine nurse and physician perceptions of nurse involvement in diabetes care. | General Nurses(n = 51) DSNs (n = 50) Generalist Physicians (n = 166) Diabetes Specialist Physicians (n = 50) Professional directories and listing |
Cross-sectional survey conducted face-to-face or by telephone. |
| Van Avendonk [68] | 2009 | Netherlands | HCPs only | To investigate the organisation of insulin therapy in general practice and assess factors associated with providing insulin in T2DM patients. | Dutch GPs (n = 1,621) University Medical Centre database. |
Postal questionnaire |
| Zambanini [69] | 1999 | UK | T1DM & Insulin T2DM Patients only |
To assess: prevalence of phobia and anxiety-related to insulin injections; association between insulin injection anxiety symptoms with level of general anxiety in the study group; and evaluate their influence of, on glycaemic control. | Insulin treated patients (n = 115) of which: T1DM (n = 80) and Insulin T2DM (n = 35) Hospital diabetes clinic. |
Questionnaire administered by HCPs |
Key: DSN diabetes specialist nurse, PN practice nurse, GP general practitioner, HCP health care professional, OHAs oral hypoglycaemic agents, PCPs primary care physicians, QOL quality of life, SMBG self-monitoring of blood glucose, T1DM type 1 diabetes mellitus, T2DM type 2 diabetes mellitus, Insulin T2DM insulin treated type 2 diabetes mellitus