Table 1.
Participant demographic and disease characteristics
| Total sample (N = 459) | HAND+ (n = 85) | HAND– (n = 193) | HIV– (n = 181) | p | Group differences | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 43.5 (12.7) | 44.2 (12.2) | 44.7 (10.8) | 41.9 (14.5) | — | — |
| Education (years) | 13.7 (2.6) | 13.1 (2.6) | 13.6 (2.6) | 14.2 (2.5) | .005 | H + < HIV– |
| Ethnicity | ||||||
| African-American | 23.3% | 28.2% | 20.2% | 24.3% | — | — |
| Asian | 2.2% | 0 | 3.1% | 2.2% | — | — |
| Hispanic | 16.1% | 15.3% | 16.1% | 16.6% | — | — |
| White | 57.5% | 55.3% | 60.1% | 56% | — | — |
| Gender (men) | 78.0% | 82.4% | 89% | 64.1% | <.0001 | H+ , H– > HIV– |
| Estimated verbal IQ (WTAR) | 102.8 (11.5) | 98 (12.2) | 104.3 (11.2) | 103.5 (10.8) | <.0001 | H–, HIV– > H + |
| POMS total (of 200) | 54.7 (36.1) | 72.4 (42.4) | 57.6 (36.2) | 43.1 (28) | <.0001 | H + > H– > HIV– |
| Major depression | 48.8% | 65.9% | 54.4% | 34.8% | <.0001 | H+, H– > HIV– |
| Generalized anxiety | 10% | 11.8% | 15% | 3.9% | <.001 | H + , H– > HIV– |
| Substance dependence | 49% | 57.6% | 52.9% | 40.9% | .01 | H+, H– > HIV– |
| Hepatitis C Virus | 15% | 21.69% | 17.46% | 9.5% | .02 | H+, H– > HIV– |
| Estimated duration of infection (months) | — | 148.8 (96.7) | 150.8 (101.1) | — | — | — |
| AIDS (n = 278) | — | 52.9% | 55.4% | — | — | — |
| CD4 count (cells/L) | — | 580.8 (307.3) | 569.4 (263.7) | — | — | — |
| Nadir CD4 (cells/L) | — | 234.6 (204.2) | 217.1 (173.9) | — | — | — |
| cART status | — | 80% | 86% | — | — | — |
| Plasma RNA detectable | — | 27.2% | 25.3% | — | — | — |
| Among subjects on cART | — | 12.3% | 15.2% | — | — | — |
Note. WTAR = Wechsler test of adult reading; POMS = profile of mood states; AIDS = acquired immune deficiency syndrome; CD4 = cluster of differentiation 4; cART = combination antiretroviral therapy; H+ = HAND; H– = HAND.