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. 2018 May 17;9:574. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00574

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Copyright © 2018 Smith.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

PMC Copyright notice

This figure illustrates the major hypothalamic, midbrain, pontine, limbic system, brainstem, and gastrointestinal systems that contribute to the control of energy homeostasis. The impact of obesity, high fat- high energy diets, and moderate to vigorous intensity exercise on energy homeostasis is detailed. Not included is the lateral hypothalamic area which plays an important role in receiving sensory signals from the intestinal tract and liver. ACCUMB, nucleus accumbens; AgRP, agouti-related protein; α-MSF, alpha-melanocortin stimulating factor; AP, area postrema; ARH, arcuate hypothalamus; BAT, brown adipose tissue; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; CA, central amygdala; CART, cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcripts; CCK, cholecystokinin; D1R, dopamine receptor type 1; D2R, dopamine receptor type 2; GDF15, glial-cell-derived growth and differentiation neurotrophic factor 15; GDF15AL, GD15F receptor; GHSR, growth hormone secretagogue receptor (for ghrelin); Glut, glutamine; HIP, hippocampus; MC3R, melanocortin 3 receptor; MC4R, melanocortin 4 receptor; MSL, muscle; NPY, neurotropin Y; NTS, nucleus tractus solitarius; OB-R, leptin receptor; PP, pancreatic peptide; PYY, peptide YY; PBN, parabrachial nucleus; PVH, paraventricular hypothalamus; POMC, pro-opiomelanocortin; SNS, sympathetic nervous system; TrkB, BDNF receptor; VN, vagus nucleus; VMH, ventral medial hypothalamus. Symbols: [↑], exercise increases blood levels; [↓], exercise decreases blood levels; [T], therapeutic potential; (↑H), exercise increases hypothalamic levels; (↓), exercise decreases effect.