Figure 2.
IL-1β Is Critical for Clustering to Control Hyphae
(A and B) Cytokine analysis in WT mice after intratracheal infection with 105 yeast-locked (YL) or WT C. albicans. IL-1β, CXCL-1, and CXCL-2 protein in the BAL 24 hr after infection (A). IL-17 protein in plasma 48 hr after infection (B). Each point represents one animal. Statistics by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison post-test. Please also see Figures S2A and S2B.
(C) Immunofluorescence confocal micrographs of lung sections from WT mice infected with 105 yeast-locked (YL; ii, zoomed image in v) or WT C. albicans (i, zoomed image in iii, zoomed image from area with dispersed neutrophils in iv) after 24 hr, stained for DNA (DAPI, blue), neutrophils (Ly6G, yellow), and CXCL2 (magenta) and MPO (cyan). Scale bars in (i) and (ii) represent 20 μm; in (iii)–(v) 10 μm.
(D–G) WT mice treated with isotype control or anti-IL-1β neutralizing antibody after intratracheal infection of 105 yeast-locked (YL) or WT C. albicans 24 hr after infection. Please also see Figure S2C.
(D) Mean weight monitoring for seven animals per group. Representative of two experiments. Data are means ± SD.
(E) C. albicans colony forming units (cfu) in the lung 48 hr after infection. Mean ± SD of six animals per group. Statistics by two-way ANOVA followed by Sidak’s multiple comparison post-test.
(F) Number of neutrophils per lung analyzed by FACS. Each point represents one animal. Statistics by two-way ANOVA followed by Sidak’s multiple comparison post-test.
(G) Number of neutrophil clusters, average cluster area per lung section, and fungal burden. Each point represents one animal. Please also see Figure S3A.
Statistics by two-tailed Student’s t test. ∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001, ∗∗∗p < 0.001, ∗p < 0.05.