Table 1.
Patient characteristics
| Variable | All patients | IMD diagnosis | No IMD diagnosis | p-valuea |
| n = 127 | n = 86 | n = 41 | ||
| Age years, median (IQR) | 54 (21–78) | 53 (21–78) | 55 (21–71) | 0.48 |
| Sex no. (%) | 0.05 | |||
| Male | 69 (54.3) | 42 (49) | 27 (65.8 ) | |
| Female | 58 (45.7) | 44 (51) | 14 (34.1) | |
| Malignancy no. (%) | ||||
| Acute myeloid leukaemia/myelodysplastic | 72 (56.7) | 52 (60.5) | 20 (48.8) | 0.25 |
| Acute lymphocytic leukaemia | 22 (17.3) | 15 (17.4) | 7 (17.1) | 0.99 |
| Lymphoma | 21 (16.5) | 9 (10.5) | 12 (29.3) | 0.01 |
| Chronic myelodysplastic syndrome | 7 (5.5) | 7 (8.1) | 0 (0) | 0.10 |
| Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia | 2 (1.6) | 1 (1.2) | 1 (2.4) | 0.54 |
| Myeloma | 2 (1.6) | 2 (2.3) | 0 (0) | 0.32 |
| Other | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | 1 (2.4) | 0.99 |
| Treatment phase no. (%) | ||||
| Induction chemotherapy | 20 (15.7) | 13 (15.1) | 7 (17.1) | 0.80 |
| Other chemotherapy | 53 (41.7) | 33 (38.4) | 20 (48.8) | 0.34 |
| Allogeneic HSCT | 37 (29.1) | 31 (36.0) | 6 (14.6) | 0.01 |
| Autologous HSCT | 2 (1.6) | 0 (0) | 2 (4.9) | 0.56 |
| No chemotherapy | 15 (11.8) | 9 (10.5) | 6 (14.6) | 0.10 |
| Disease phase no. (%) | ||||
| Initial diagnosis | 24 (18.9) | 14 (16.3) | 10 (24.4) | 0.84 |
| Complete or partial remission | 41 (32.2) | 27 (31.4) | 14 (34.1) | 0.33 |
| Relapse, resistance or progression | 62 (48.8) | 45 (52.3) | 17 (41.5) | 0.26 |
| Mold infection risk scoreb | ||||
| Neutropeniac | 105 (82.7) | 77 (89.5) | 28 (68.3) | 0.01 |
| Lymphopenia or lymphocyte dysfunctiond | 53 (41.7) | 44 (51.2) | 9 (22.0) | 0.18 |
| Uncontrolled malignancye | 42 (33.1) | 59 (68.6) | 23 (56.1) | 0.99 |
| History of previous IMD | 8 (6.3) | 7 (8.1) | 1 (2.4) | 0.05 |
| Median score (IQR)f | 5 (4–7) | 6 (4–7) | 4 (3.7–6) | 0.02 |
| Antifungal prophylaxis | ||||
| Non-systemic | 13 (10.2) | 6 (7.0) | 7 (17.1) | 0.11 |
| Fluconazole | 53 (41.7) | 41 (47.7) | 6 (14.6) | 0.08 |
| Itraconazole | 15 (11.8) | 7 (8.1) | 8 (19.5) | 0.06 |
| Posaconazole | 27 (21.3) | 20 (23.3) | 6 (14.6) | 0.49 |
| Liposomal amphotericin B | 2 (1.6) | 2 (2.3) | 0 (0) | 0.99 |
| Caspofungin | 1 (0.8) | 1 (1.2) | 0 (0) | 0.39 |
| None | 16 (12.6) | 9 (10.5) | 5 (12.2) | 0.99 |
| Serum galactomannan | ||||
| Positive | 52 (41.0) | 48 (55.8) | 4 (9.8) | <0.001 |
| Negative | 71 (55.9) | 38 (44.2) | 33 (80.4) | |
| Not available | 4 (3.1) | 0 (0) | 4 (9.8) | 0.01 |
| Bronchoalveolar lavage | ||||
| Negative for IMD | 29 (22.8) | 22 (25.6) | 7 (17.0) | 0.37 |
| Positive for IMD | 3 (2.4) | 3 (3.5) | 0 (0) | |
| Galactomannan positive | 13 (10.2) | 13 (15.1) | 0 (0) | 0.02 |
| Positive for other pathogen | 6 (4.7) | 2 (2.3) | 4 (9.8) | 0.09 |
| Not available | 89 (70.0) | 59 (68.6) | 30 (73.2) | 0.68 |
HSCT, haematopoietic stem cell transplantation; IMD, invasive mould disease; IQR, interquartile range.
ap values determined by Mann–Whitney test or Pearson Χ2 test.
bFrom Stanzani et al.27
cAbsolute neutrophil count <500 cells mm–3 >10 days within 30 days prior to admission or after chemotherapy.
dAbsolute lymphocyte count <50 cells mm–3, or allogeneic HSCT patient receiving calcineurin inhibitor, corticosteroids, or antithymocyte globulin for acute graft vs host disease.
eNewly diagnosed or relapsed/uncontrolled malignancy.
fRisk scores of ≥6 identify higher risk populations (baseline incidence of invasive mold disease independent of CT findings >5%).