Table 1.

Expanding spectrum of oesophageal surgery and endoscopic procedures

Endoscopic procedures	Surgical procedures
Endoscopic dilation and stenting	Oesophagectomy
Endoscopic ultrasound and biopsy of peri-oesophageal masses	Treatment of hiatal hernia—Nissen fundoplication
Endoscopic removal of foreign bodies	Resection of benign oesophageal masses
Peroral endoscopic Myotomy (POEM) for treatment of achalasia	Oesophageal myotomy for treatment of achalasia
Endoscopic radiofrequency ablation for cardiac diseases	Surgical Procedures close to the oesophagus (discectomy, aortic stent–graft placement)