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Congeneric factor model (A), (essential) tau-equivalence factor model (B), and measurement model with items that are simultaneously decomposed into a substantive construct factor and a tau-equivalence acquiescence factor (C).
Note. ACQ = acquiescence latent factor; a1 to a5 = observed indicators with no measurement of substantive content; λt = factor loadings of the acquiescence factor constrained to be identical; y1 to y10 = items measuring substantive construct.
