Table 3.

Overview of the Aims and Settings of the Following Simulation Studies.

Study	Central question	Experimental factors	Criterion variables
I	Are the methods mislead by actual differences in the person parameter distributions (PPD)?	DIF: No/Yes Mean difference in PPD: No/Yes Variance difference in PPD: No/Yes Covariate pattern: Binary/Numeric	Type I error/Power
II	Are the methods sensitive to DIF in groups formed by complex covariate patterns?	DIF: No/Yes Covariate pattern: Categorical/Numeric-80/U-shaped/Interaction	Type I error/power
III	Are the methods also sensitive to DSF?	DSF pattern: Single-level/Convergent/Divergent/Balanced	Power

Note. DIF = differential item functioning; DSF = differential step functioning.