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. 2018 May 29;38(6):1258–1270. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.118.311102

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© 2018 The Authors.

Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology is published on behalf of the American Heart Association, Inc., by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided that the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 3. — Interactions of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) with (A) antithrombin (AT), thrombin, and activated coagulation factor X (FXa) and (B) heparin cofactor II (HCII) and thrombin. The GAGs bind AT and HCII via specific binding sequences, a pentasaccharide or a hexasaccharide sequence, respectively. This binding induces a conformational change in the serpins, which makes the reactive center loop more accessible for their substrates. A simultaneous binding to AT and thrombin requires a chain length of minimum 18 saccharides while binding to HCII, and thrombin requires 24 saccharides.