Table A3.
Risk of bias in individual studies. Quality Assessment Tool for Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 criteria fulfilled.
| Item | Koh and Kim14 2011 | Barngkgei et al15 2014 | Barngkgei et al16 2016 | Barngkgei et al17 2015 | Güngör et al18 2016 | Mostafa et al19 2016 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Domain 1: patient selection | Was a consecutive or random sample of patients enrolled? | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| Was a case–control design avoided? | N | N | N | N | N | N | |
| Did the study avoid inappropriate exclusions? | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | |
| Could the selection of patients have introduced bias? | H | H | H | H | H | H | |
| Concerns regarding applicability: Is there concern that the included patients do not match the review question? | L | L | L | L | L | L | |
| Domain 2: index test | Were the index test results interpreted without knowledge of the results of the reference standard? | U | U | U | U | U | U |
| If a threshold was used, was it pre-specified? | U | U | U | U | U | U | |
| Could the conduct or interpretation of the index test have introduced bias? | U | U | U | U | U | U | |
| Concerns regarding applicability: Is there concern that the index test, its conduct or interpretation differ from the review question? | L | L | L | L | L | L | |
| Domain 3: reference standard | Is the reference standard likely to correctly classify the target condition? | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| Were the reference standard results interpreted without knowledge of the results of the index test? | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | |
| Could the reference standard, its conduct or its interpretation have introduced bias? | L | L | L | L | L | L | |
| Concerns regarding applicability: Is there concern that the target condition as defined by the reference standard does not match the review question? | L | L | L | L | L | L | |
| Domain 4: flow and timing | Was there an appropriate interval between index test(s) and reference standard? | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| Did all patients receive a reference standard? | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | |
| Did patients receive the same reference standard? | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | |
| Were all patients included in the analysis? | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | |
| Could the patient flow have introduced bias? | L | L | L | L | L | L |
H, high risk; L, low risk; N, no; U, unclear; Y, yes.