Table 2a.
Adjusted associations between number of medications and lifetime non-fatal overdosea
| All medications b OR (95%CI) |
Non-antiretroviral medications OR (95%CI) |
Sedating Medications c OR (95%CI) |
Non-sedating medications c OR (95%CI) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Each additional medication (unadjusted) | 1.05 (1.00, 1.10) | 1.05 (1.00, 1.10) | 1.26 (1.08, 1.46) | 0.99 (0.94, 1.06) |
|
| ||||
| Age | 1.02 (0.99, 1.05) | 1.02 (1.00, 1.05) | 1.04 (1.01, 1.07) | ---- |
| Each additional medication | 1.04 (0.99, 1.09) | 1.04 (0.99, 1.09) | 1.31 (1.12, 1.53) | 0.96 (0.90, 1.03) |
|
| ||||
| Sex (female vs male) | 0.92 (0.54, 1.56) | 0.91 (0.54, 1.55) | 0.87 (0.51, 1.49) | --- |
| Each additional medication | 1.05 (1.00, 1.10) | 1.05 (1.00, 1.10) | 1.26 (1.09, 1.46) | 1.00 (0.94, 1.06) |
|
| ||||
| Race | ||||
| Hispanic vs Black | 1.63 (0.87, 3.05) | 1.63 (0.87, 3.04) | 1.50 (0.79, 2.83) | --- |
| White vs Black | 2.74 (1.46, 5.13) | 2.69 (1.44, 5.04) | 2.29 (1.19, 4.43) | --- |
| Each additional medication | 1.04 (1.00, 1.10) | 1.04 (0.99, 1.10) | 1.19 (1.02, 1.39) | 1.01 (0.95, 1.07) |
|
| ||||
| Charlson Comorbidity Index | 1.07 (0.96, 1.20) | 1.08 (0.96, 1.21) | 1.11 (0.98, 1.25) | --- |
| Each additional medication | 1.03 (0.98, 1.09) | 1.03 (0.98, 1.09) | 1.25 (1.08, 1.45) | 0.97 (0.91, 1.04) |
|
| ||||
| Depressive symptoms | 2.08 (1.19, 3.65) | 2.07 (1.18, 3.64) | 2.02 (1.14, 3.57) | --- |
| Each additional medication | 1.04 (0.99, 1.09) | 1.03 (0.98, 1.09) | 1.24 (1.06, 1.44) | 0.99 (0.93, 1.05) |
|
| ||||
| Anxiety symptoms | 1.75 (1.05, 2.92) | 1.74 (1.04, 2.90) | 1.53 (0.90, 2.59) | --- |
| Each additional medication | 1.04 (0.99, 1.09) | 1.04 (0.99, 1.09) | 1.22 (1.05, 1.42) | 1.00 (0.94, 1.06) |
|
| ||||
| Alcohol use,d e | ||||
| Did not exceed daily/weekly limits vs no alcohol | 0.42 (0.19, 0.93) | 0.43 (0.19, 0.94) | 0.48 (0.22, 1.08) | --- |
| Exceeded daily/weekly limits vs no alcohol | 0.55 (0.31, 0.96) | 0.54 (0.31, 0.95) | 0.53 (0.30, 0.95) | --- |
| Each additional medication | 1.04 (1.00, 1.09) | 1.04 (0.99, 1.10) | 1.24 (1.07, 1.44) | 0.99 (0.93, 1.06) |
|
| ||||
| Illicit or misused prescription opioid, anye | 3.22 (1.72, 6.00) | 3.18 (1.71, 5.93) | 3.08 (1.64, 5.77) | --- |
| Each additional medication | 1.05 (1.00, 1.10) | 1.05 (1.00, 1.11) | 1.25 (1.07, 1.46) | 1.00 (0.94, 1.07) |
|
| ||||
| Non-prescribed sedative medication use, anye | 3.17 (1.23, 8.16) | 3.10 (1.21, 7.96) | 2.92 (1.12, 7.58) | --- |
| Each additional medication | 1.05 (1.00, 1.10) | 1.05 (1.00, 1.10) | 1.25 (1.07, 1.45) | 1.00 (0.94, 1.06) |
|
| ||||
| Cocaine, any e | 0.85 (0.49, 1.46) | 0.84 (0.48, 1.45) | 0.81 (0.46, 1.42) | --- |
| Each additional medication | 1.05 (1.00, 1.10) | 1.05 (1.00, 1.10) | 1.26 (1.09, 1.46) | 0.99 (0.94, 1.06) |
Results of separate logistic regression models examining the association of the number of medications in each category and overdose controlling for each covariate listed above. Each regression model included the number of medications and one covariate. Analyses used study entry data. The first odds ratio (95% CI) in each row is the parameter estimate for the covariate. The second OR is the parameter estimate for the number of medications in each category.
Includes only systemically active medications
Results of one model examining the association of the number of sedating medications and number of non-sedating medications with overdose controlling for one covariate. There is no separate parameter estimate for the covariate and non-sedating medications (as indicated by “---“).
NIAAA defined drinking limits (> 14 drinks in a week or 5+ drinks in a day, for men; or >7 drinks in a week or 4+ drinks in a day, for women)
Past 30 days