Table 3. Adjusted odds ratios between frailty and postoperative cardiopulmonary complications and mortality in emergency general surgery.

Respiratory complications
	Unplanned reintubation a		Pneumonia b		Prolonged ventilation c
mFI	OR (95% CI)	p Value	OR (95% CI)	p Value	OR (95% CI)	p Value
0	Ref		Ref		Ref
1	1.826 (1.611–2.070)	<0.0001	1.669 (1.494–1.864)	<0.0001	1.667 (1.519–1.829)	<0.0001
2	2.387 (2.099–2.716)	<0.0001	2.074 (1.849–2.327)	<0.0001	2.059 (1.872–2.264)	<0.0001
3	2.877 (2.505–3.305)	<0.0001	2.190 (1.930–2.484)	<0.0001	2.386 (2.154–2.644)	<0.0001
4+	2.934 (2.534–3.398)	<0.0001	2.163 (1.892–2.472)	<0.0001	2.511 (2.255–2.796)	<0.0001
Cardiac complications
	Cardiac arrest d		Myocardial infarction e
mFI	OR (95% CI)	p Value	OR (95% CI)	p Value
0	Ref		Ref
1	1.815 (1.396–2.360)	<0.0001	9.862 (7.051–13.792)	<0.0001
2	2.378 (1.828–3.094)	<0.0001	21.517 (15.463–29.942)	<0.0001
3	2.861 (2.179–3.757)	<0.0001	32.805 (23.316–46.156)	<0.0001
4+	3.359 (2.552–4.422)	<0.0001	41.794 (29.554–59.104)	<0.0001
Mortality f
mFI	OR (95% CI)	p Value
0	Ref
1	1.949 (1.719–2.209)	<0.0001
2	2.885 (2.547–3.276)	<0.0001
3	3.504 (3.077–3.991)	<0.0001
4+	4.459 (3.904–5.092)	<0.0001

Abbreviations: ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists; CI, confidence interval; mFI, modified frailty index; OR, odds ratio; Ref, reference category.

^aAdjusted for ASA class, gender, operation time, sepsis, smoker status, ventilator dependence, wound infection.

^bAdjusted for ASA class, dyspnea, gender, operation time, sepsis, smoker status, ventilator dependence, wound class, wound infection.

^cAdjusted for ASA class, dyspnea, operation time, renal failure, sepsis, smoker status, ventilator dependence, wound class, wound infection.

^dAdjusted for ASA class, dyspnea, gender, operation time, renal failure, sepsis, ventilator dependence.

^eAdjusted for renal failure, sepsis, wound infection.

^fAdjusted for ASA class, disseminated cancer, dyspnea, gender, renal failure, sepsis, smoker status, ventilator dependence, wound infection.