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. 2018 May 24;8:103. doi: 10.1038/s41398-018-0151-5

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a Grand average premodulation (blue) and postmodulation (red) VEP in patients with BD type II (n = 29). In contrast to controls, there was no significant P1, N1, or P1–N1 plasticity in the patient group. The VEPs for the controls are shown in Fig. 2a (the longitudinal and cross-sectional sample at follow-up was identical. b N1 and P1–N1 plasticity were significantly reduced in patients with BD type II relative to controls. P1–N1 plasticity remained reduced in patients after controlling for saliva cortisol and premodulation amplitudes. *p = 0.04 **p = 0.005. Error bars represent the s.e.m. c There were significant negative correlations between P1 plasticity and MADRS score and d P1–N1 plasticity and MADRS score in patients with BD type II, indicating stronger impairments in plasticity in more severely depressed patients. e N1 and P1–N1 plasticity were significantly reduced in euthymic patients with BD type II (n = 19) relative to controls; these reductions remained significant after controlling for saliva cortisol and premodulation amplitudes. *p < 0.05. Error bars represent the s.e.m. VEP, visual evoked potential. BD, bipolar disorder. MADRS, Montgomery–Asberg Depression Rating Scale