Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the longitudinal and the cross-sectional samples of patients with bipolar disorder type II and healthy controls
| Longitudinal samplea | Cross-sectional sample at follow-up | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BD type II (n = 16) | Control group (n = 29) | p | BD type II (n = 29) | Control group (n = 29) | p | |
| Age, years, mean (SD) | 32.7 ± 7.5 | 33.1 ± 9.4 | 0.87 | 35.5 ± 7.9 | 35.6 ± 9.6 | 0.99 |
| Female, n (%) | 9 (56) | 16 (55) | 0.94 | 19 (66) | 16 (55) | 0.42 |
| Education level, n (%) | ||||||
| 0–10 years | 2 (12.5) | 0 (0) | 2 (7) | 0 (0) | ||
| 11–13 years | 4 (25) | 3 (10) | 8 (28) | 2 (7) | ||
| 14–17 years | 8 (50) | 11 (38) | 9 (31) | 11 (38) | ||
| 17 + years | 2 (12.5) | 15 (52) | 0.02 | 10 (34) | 16 (55) | 0.07 |
| MADRS, mean (SD) | 11.9 ± 6.5 | 1.3 ± 2.2 | < 0.001 | 8.8 ± 6.8 | 1.3 ± 1.6 | < 0.001 |
| YMRS, mean (SD) | 3.0 ± 3.4 | 0.3 ± .8 | < 0.001 | 2.4 ± 2.5 | 0.3 ± .7 | < 0.001 |
| Euthymia (MADRS < 11, YMRS < 8) | 10 | 18 | ||||
| Depression (MADRS > 11) | 5 | 8 | ||||
| Hypomania (YMRS ≥ 8) | 1 | 3 | ||||
| Medication, n (%) | ||||||
| Unmedicated | 6 (38) | 7 (24) | ||||
| Antidepressants | 6b (38) | 7c (24) | ||||
| Lamotrigine | 6 (38) | 16 (55) | ||||
| Lithium | 1 (6) | 0 (0) | ||||
| Quetiapine | 1 (6) | 3 (10) | ||||
| Methylphenidate | 0 (0) | n.a. | 2 (7) | n.a. | ||
| Duration of illness, years, mean (SD) | 17.3 ± 8.1 | n.a. | 18.0 ± 7.3 | n.a. | ||
| Social phobia, n (%) | 4 (25) | 0 (0) | 10 (34) | 0 (0) | ||
| Panic disorder, n (%) | 6 (38) | 0 (0) | 18 (62) | 0 (0) | ||
| General anxiety disorder, n (%) | 2 (13) | 0 (0) | 2 (7) | 0 (0) | ||
aCharacteristics at baseline
bAntidepressants were escitalopram, citalopram, bupropion, mirtazapine, and fluoxetine
cAntidepressants were escitalopram, citalopram, bupropion, mirtazapine, venlafaxine, sertraline, and mianserin