Table 2.
Total z‑score and z scores of all test items of non-overweight and overweight children at 5 test time points
| Autumn 2014 | Spring 2015 | Autumn 2015 | Spring 2016 | Autumn 2016 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total z‑score | Non-overweight | 104.9 ± 5.7 | 106.0 ± 5.6 | 107.8 ± 5.3 | 108.7 ± 4.9 | 109.9 ± 4.8 |
| (Mean ± SD) | Overweight | 100.8 ± 5.4 | 101.7 ± 5.8 | 104.0 ± 5.4 | 104.5 ± 5.3 | 104.2 ± 5.5 |
| p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Hedges‘ g | 0.64 | 0.72 | 0.90 | 1.03 | 1.09 | |
| 20-m sprint | Non-overweight | 101.8 ± 9.0 | 104.4 ± 9.9 | 107.0 ± 7.4 | 108.6 ± 7.8 | 108.5 ± 8.2 |
| (Mean z‑score ± SD) | Overweight | 98.8 ± 8.8 | 101.5 ± 7.4 | 103.7 ± 9.9 | 104.9 ± 9.8 | 103.6 ± 8.5 |
| p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Hedges‘ g | 0.31 | 0.43 | 0.58 | 0.43 | 0.56 | |
| Balancing backwards | Non-overweight | 105.7 ± 10.7 | 106.2 ± 10.4 | 107.0 ± 9.4 | 109.3 ± 9.4 | 109.8 ± 8.6 |
| (Mean z‑score ± SD) | Overweight | 99.9 ± 9.2 | 101.3 ± 9.9 | 101.9 ± 8.8 | 105.8 ± 8.6 | 105.9 ± 10.1 |
| p-value | n.s. | 0.002 | <0.001 | 0.005 | 0.011 | |
| Hedges‘ g | – | 0.47 | 0.64 | 0.45 | 0.40 | |
| Jumping sidewards | Non-overweight | 114.6 ± 10.9 | 116.6 ± 10.9 | 118.9 ± 9.7 | 121.4 ± 6.9 | 121.4 ± 5.6 |
| (Mean z‑score ± SD) | Overweight | 113.1 ± 10.0 | 111.9 ± 10.6 | 117.8 ± 8.3 | 120.5 ± 6.1 | 118.8 ± 7.4 |
| p-value | n.s. | 0.002 | <0.001 | 0.005 | 0.011 | |
| Hedges‘ g | – | 0.32 | 0.19 | 0.28 | 0.38 | |
| Stand-and-reach | Non-overweight | 101.8 ± 9.6 | 102.9 ± 10.5 | 102.9 ± 9.9 | 102.2 ± 10.2 | 103.1 ± 10.7 |
| (Mean z‑score ± SD) | Overweight | 100.3 ± 8.4 | 103.9 ± 8.4 | 101.7 ± 9.8 | 98.6 ± 17.5 | 100.5 ± 9.4 |
| p-value | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | |
| Hedges‘ g | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Push-ups | Non-overweight | 107.9 ± 10.6 | 111.4 ± 11.5 | 116.4 ± 9.5 | 119.4 ± 7.0 | 122.0 ± 5.9 |
| (Mean z‑score ± SD) | Overweight | 105.6 ± 9.8 | 109.0 ± 9.1 | 114.7 ± 8.6 | 117.0 ± 6.6 | 118.6 ± 7.9 |
| p-value | n.s. | n.s. | 0.026 | <0.001 | 0.001 | |
| Hedges‘ g | – | – | 0.31 | 0.55 | 0.49 | |
| Sit-ups | Non-overweight | 99.3 ± 7.7 | 99.6 ± 6.8 | 101.5 ± 7.1 | 103.4 ± 7.1 | 103.9 ± 7.1 |
| (Mean z‑score ± SD) | Overweight | 95.8 ± 9.1 | 95.2 ± 8.9 | 97.3 ± 8.4 | 98.0 ± 8.2 | 98.0 ± 9.8 |
| p-value | n.s. | 0.006 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Hedges‘ g | – | 0.48 | 0.77 | 0.87 | 0.75 | |
| Standing long jump | Non-overweight | 102.7 ± 9.5 | 102.8 ± 9.4 | 103.1 ± 8.9 | 102.1 ± 9.3 | 104.6 ± 8.1 |
| (Mean z‑score ± SD) | Overweight | 98.8 ± 9.2 | 97.8 ± 9.9 | 97.7 ± 9.4 | 96.7 ± 9.4 | 95.5 ± 10.1 |
| p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Hedges‘ g | 0.61 | 0.59 | 0.65 | 0.70 | 1.03 | |
| 6-min run | Non-overweight | 102.5 ± 12.0 | 103.0 ± 11.9 | 104.8 ± 10.0 | 101.1 ± 12.9 | 104.2 ± 11.4 |
| (Mean z‑score ± SD) | Overweight | 92.3 ± 10.9 | 91.2 ± 12.0 | 96.7 ± 8.8 | 91.1 ± 10.2 | 91.8 ± 11.1 |
| p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Hedges‘ g | 0.86 | 0.88 | 0.99 | 0.93 | 1.08 | |