Table 2.
Baseline characteristic and outcome at discharge from the hospital according to ischemic stroke etiology
| ESUS n = 326 | Large artery atherosclerosis [a] n = 547 | Cardioembolic [b] n = 833 | Small vessel disease [c] n = 358 | Other determined [d] n = 107 | Potential ESUS (diagnostics not completed) [e] n = 288 | Mixed pathology [f] n = 88 | Unknown [g] n = 461 | Overall p | Pairwise differences vs ESUS | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| At admission | ||||||||||
| Age, median (Q1, Q3) | 64.5 (57, 72) | 70 (62, 77) | 79 (72, 84) | 71 (60, 70) | 67 (55, 78) | 79 (72, 83) | 79 (74, 85) | 75 (65, 81) | < 0.001 | a, b, c, e, f, g |
| Females, n (%) | 150 (46.0) | 209 (38.2) | 529 (63.5) | 183 (51.1) | 58 (54.2) | 166 (57.6) | 58 (65.9) | 262 (56.8) | < 0.001 | a, b, e, f, g |
| NIHSS, median (Q1, Q3) | 5 (3, 10) | 8 (4–15) | 11 (5–18) | 4 (2, 7) | 8 (3, 16) | 8 (4, 14) | 16 (6–22) | 6 (3, 12.5) | < 0.001 | a, b, c, d, e, f |
| Prestroke mRS 0–1, n (%) | 295 (90.5) | 436 (80.2) | 567 (68.2) | 308 (86.3) | 84 (78.5) | 205 (71.2) | 59 (67.1) | 346 (75.6) | < 0.001 | a, b, d, e, f, g |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 233 (71.7) | 419 (77.2) | 666 (80.4) | 293 (81.8) | 66 (62.3) | 220 (77.2) | 75 (85.2) | 313 (68.3) | < 0.001 | b, c, f |
| Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | – | – | – | – | 3 (2.8) | – | 82 (93.2) | – | < 0.001 | |
| Coronary artery disease, n (%) | 67 (20.7) | 148 (27.4) | 332 (41.3) | 83 (23.5) | 16 (15.1) | 80 (28.4) | 40 (47.6) | 134 (29.7) | < 0.001 | a, b, e, f, g |
| Heart failure, n (%) | 31 (9.6) | 70 (12.9) | 305 (37.8) | 27 (7.6) | 12 (11.3) | 41 (14.5) | 36 (42.4) | 82 (18.1) | < 0.001 | b, f, g |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 59 (18.1) | 133 (24.3) | 202 (24.3) | 86 (24.0) | 17 (15.9) | 61 (21.2) | 25 (28.4) | 86 (18.7) | 0.034 | a, b, f |
| Current smoking, n (%) | 128 (39.6) | 256 (47.3) | 122 (14.8) | 109 (30.8) | 30 (28.0) | 58 (20.5) | 17 (20.0) | 100 (21.8) | < 0.001 | a, b, c, d, e, f, g |
| Hospital stay | ||||||||||
| Hospital stay (days), median (Q1, Q3) | 10 (8, 14) | 11 (8–15) | 12 (9–18) | 9 (7, 11) | 10 (8–16) | 10 (8, 15) | 11 (7–18) | 9 (7, 13) | < 0.001 | b, c |
| Holter ECG, n (%) | 263 (81.2) | 325 (59.6) | 425 (51.2) | 217 (60.6) | 57 (53.8) | 126 (43.9) | 33 (37.5) | 268 (59.3) | < 0.001 | a, b, c, d, e, f, g |
| TTE, n (%) | 326 (100) | 393 (78.3) | 555 (67.8) | 269 (99.3) | 78 (100) | 109 (37.9) | 47 (69.1) | 342 (100) | < 0.001 | |
| At discharge | ||||||||||
| Anticoagulants at discharge, n (%) | 27 (8.3) | 53 (9.7) | 341 (40.9) | 12 (3.4) | 16 (15.0) | 26 (9.0) | 31 (35.2) | 25 (5.4) | < 0.001 | b, c, d, f |
| mRS 0–2 at discharge, n (%) | 213 (65.5) | 246 (45.1) | 297 (36.0) | 274 (76.8) | 47 (43.9) | 118 (41.4) | 27 (31.0) | 268 (58.5) | < 0.001 | a, b, c, d, e, f, g |
| Death during hospital stay, n (%) | 7 (2.2) | 54 (9.9) | 112 (13.5) | 6 (1.7) | 12 (11.2) | 38 (13.2) | 26 (29.6) | 50 (10.9) | < 0.001 | a, b, d, e, f, g |
ESUS embolic stroke of undetermined source, NIHSS National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, mRS modified Rankin Scale, AF atrial fibrillation, ECG electrocardiography, TTE transthoracic echocardiogram