Table 1.
Clinical measures of the 70 PD participants enrolled.
| Clinical measure | Mean ± SD | Range |
|---|---|---|
| Age | 66.13 ± 7.2 years | 47–82 years |
| Sex; female: male | 19 F: 51 M | – |
| Disease duration | 9.16 ± 4.3 years | 2–18 years |
| Levodopa duration | 7.49 ± 4.2 years | 1–17 years |
| LED | 988.42 ± 437 mg | 300–2,200 mg |
| OFF; MDS UPDRS-III Motor Score | 30.64 ± 10.23 | 6–60 |
| ON; MDS UPDRS-III Motor Score | 16.57 ± 8.17 | 3–49 |
| aLR; OFF − ON | 14.07 ± 6.07 | 3–29 |
| %LR (OFF − ON)/OFF*100 (%) | 46.80 ± 15.03% | 18.33–88.88% |
| MoCA | 25.37 ± 3.53 | 14–30 |
| FOG-Q | 7.47 ± 5.10 | 0–20 |
| ABC | 77.29 ± 18.85% | 30–100% |
| PDQ-8 | 30.58 ± 16.84 | 3.13–62.5 |
| GDS | 10.19 ± 6.89 | 0–26 |
SD, standard deviation of the mean; LED, levodopa equivalent dose; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; FOG-Q, Freezing of Gait Questionnaire; ABC, Activities-specific Balance Confidence Scale; PDQ-8, Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; UPDRS, Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale; LR, levodopa response; aLR, absolute LR.
Levodopa duration refers to time since first intervention with levodopa.
OFF refers to the state in which a participant has been without anti-parkinsonian medication for at least 12 h.
ON refers the state in which both the participant and clinical rater agree that the participant is receiving the highest level of therapeutic benefit from the administered levodopa or approximately 45–60 min after levodopa is given.