Table 3.
Current screening of endophytes, their isolated compounds, and bioactivities.
| Endophytic strain | Type | Plant name | Plant family | Isolated compounds | Ethnomedicinal uses of the plant | Bioactivity of the compounds | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Phoma sp. GG1F1 | Fungus | Glycyrrhiza glabra L. | Fabaceae | Thiodiketopiperazines 8 and 9 | Famous worldwide for its ethnopharmacological properties to treat many ailments | Compounds inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes, with IC50 values of less than 10 μM. Antibiofilm inhibition activities against several human pathogens. Both compounds acted synergistically with streptomycin and inhibited transcription/translation | Arora et al., 2016 |
| 2. Sordariomycetes sp. (PDA)BL3 3. Sordariomycetes sp. (PDA)BL5 | Fungus | Strobilanthes crispus (L.) Bremek. | Acanthaceae | 20 volatile metabolites identified from sample (PDA)BL3 and 21 volatile metabolites identify-ed from sample (PDA)BL5 | Has importance in traditional medicine to manage diabetes, kidney stones, cancer and hypertension | Showed highest significant antimicrobial activity against 6 bacteria at 200 l g/disc whereas sample (PDA)BL5 has highest significant anticancer activity against all 5 cancer cell lines at concentrations ranging from 30 to 300 μg/ml | Jinfeng et al., 2017. |
| 4. Alternaria species G7 | Fungus | Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) Vent. | Moraceae | Altertoxin IV (10) | The fruits are edible. The leaves, fruit, and bark have a number of traditional medicinal uses | Compound 10 delivered weak antitumor activities | Zhang et al., 2016 |
| 5. Aureobasidium pullulans | Fungus | Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. | Asphodelaceae | Pestalotiopamide E (11) and pestalotiopin B (12) | The plant is used in traditional herbal medicine for its regenerative, anti-microbial, anti-inflam-matory, and healing properties | Compounds 11 and 12 didn't show potential cytotoxic activity against mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells | El-Amrania et al., 2016 |
| 6. Pestalotiopsis microspora | Fungus | Drepanocarpus lunatus (L.f.) G.Mey. | Fabaceae | Pestalotioprolides C (13), D–H (15–19) and 7-O-methylnigrosporolide (14) | The plant is used for aphrodisiac, diarrhea, leprosy, purgative, and venereal diseasesa. | Compounds 14–17 exhibited potent cytotoxicity against the murine lymphoma cell line L5178Y with IC50 values of 0.7, 5.6, 3.4, and 3.9 μM, respectively and compound 16 demonstrated highest activity against the human ovarian cancer cell line A2780 with an IC50 value of 1.2 μM | Liu et al., 2016 |
| 7. Xylaria sp. | Fungus | Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. orth. var. | Zingiberaceae | Arugosin J (20) and xylarugosin (21) | The plant and the related Curcuma longa are used as spices and they are important medicinal plants. The well-known (Nuclear factor kappa B) NF-kB inhibitor curcumin was isolated from both species. It has strong anti-carcinogenic properties | Compounds 20 and 21 were in active (IC50 >50 μM) in the cytotoxicity test against the murine cancer cell line L5178Y by the MTT assay | Hammerschmidt et al., 2015 |
| 8. Diaporthe sp. SNB-GSS10 | Fungus | Sabicea cinerea Aubl. | Rubiaceae | Mycoepoxydiene (22) altiloxin A (23), enamidin (24), and eremofortin F (25) | It is a medicinal plant of French Guiana and used as limb strengthener | Compound 22 demonstrated cytotoxic activity with IC50 values of 7.5, 17.7, and 15.8 μM against KB, MDA-MB-435, and MRC5 cancer cell lines, respectively. Compound 25 as well was cytotoxic on KB and MRC5 cells (IC50 = 13.9 and 12.2 μM. respectively). Compounds 23 and 24 were inactive (IC50 > 30 μM) on all tested cancer cell lines | Mandavid et al., 2015 |
| 9. Colletotrichum sp.BS4 | Fungus | Buxus sinica (Rehder & E.H.Wilson) M.Cheng var. insularis | Buxaceae | Colletotrichones A–C (26–28) | The well-known Chine-se medicinal plant boxwood | Compound 26 showed remarkable antibacterial potencies against Staphylococcus aureus (DSM 799), Escherichia coli (DSM 1116), Bacillus subtilis (DSM 1088), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (DSM 22644) with MIC of >10, 1.0, 0.1 and >10 μg/ml respectively comparable to the standard antibiotics streptomycin and gentamicin. Compound 28 displayed bioactivity against E. coli with MIC of >10 μg/ml. Compound 27a demonstrated the same potency as streptomycin against the clinically relevant bacterium S. aureus (MIC = 5.0 μg/ml). None of the individual compounds showed in vitro cytotoxicity on a human acute monocytic leukemia cell line (THP-1) | Wang et al., 2016 |
| 10. Nectria sp. HN001 | Fungus | Sonneratia ovata Backer | Lythraceae | Nectriacids A–C (29–31) and 12-epicitreoisocoumarinol (32) | The fermented juice is useful for hemorrhages and the fruit is applied in poultices to treat sprain Useful Tropical Plants Database, 2014 | Compounds 30 and 31 showed remarkable α-glucosidase inhibitory activity in comparison to positive control (acarbose, IC50, 815.3 μM), with IC50 values of 23.5 and 42.3 μM, respectively | Cui et al., 2016 |
| 11. Endomelanconiopsis endophytica | Fungus | Ficus hirta Vahl | Moraceae | Endomeketals A–B (33–34) | The milky latex of the plant is used to treat wounds. While the decoction of the stem bark is applied for fevers. A paste of the roots and fruit is applied for wound of snakebites Useful Tropical Plants Database, 2014 | Compounds 33 and 34 were in active against the following human cancer cell; SF-268, MCF-7, NCI-H460, and HepG-2 | Sun et al., 2016 |
| 12. Mucor irregularis | Fungus | Moringa stenopetala (Baker f.) Cufod. | Moringaceae | Unguisin F (35) | The plant has multipurposes uses for the community. The seeds are used as purifiers of turbid water in Africa Mekonnen and Gessesse, 1998 | Compound 35 didn't show significant antibacterial or antifungal activity | Akone et al., 2016 |
| 13. Penicillium sp. R22 | Fungus | Nerium indicum Mill. | Apocynaceae | 5-hydroxy-8-methoxy-4-phenylisoquinolin-1(2H)-one (36) | The medicinal importance of the plant dates back to 1500 years BC. It is used all over the world to treat dermatitis, eczema, psoriasis, herpes, sores, abscesses, warts, corns, skin cancer, ringworm, scabies, epilepsy, asthma, malaria, and heart disease Isaacs, 2008; Dey and Chaudhuri, 2014. | Compound 36 displayed weak antibacterial activity | Ma et al., 2017 |
| 14. Chaetomium sp. M453 | Fungus | Huperzia serrata (Thunb.) Trevis. | Huperziaceae | Neocyclocitrinols E-G (37-39) and 3β-hydroxy-5,9-epoxy-(22E,24R)-ergosta-7,22-dien-6-one (40) | The plant is known in Chinese traditional medicine as an anti-inflammatory remedy for treating pain and swelling after trauma. It is also removing heat and exhibited detoxification effects. Huperzine A was obtained from Huperzia serrata and showed many pharmacological properties Ho et al., 2011 | Compounds 37-40 were tested for cytotoxicity and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activities. None of the compounds displayed any cytotoxicity at 40 μM. Compound 35 exhibited weak AChE inhibitory activity | Yu et al., 2017 |
a
Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotantical Databases. National Agricultural Library. USA. https://phytochem.nal.usda.gov/phytochem/search.