Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of 133 662 particpants aged 35–74 years at recruitment
| No diabetes (n=110 181) | Undiagnosed diabetes (n=6541) | Previously diagnosed diabetes (n=16 940) |
Previously diagnosed diabetes, by duration of diabetes |
Previously diagnosed diabetes, by HbA1c, % | Overall (n=133 662) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <5 years (n=5042) | ≥5 to <10 years (n=7713) | ≥10 years (n=4185) | <9% (n=8475) | ≥9 to <11% (n=4311) | ≥11% (n=4154) | ||||||
| Age and sex | |||||||||||
| Age, years | 49 (10) | 54 (10) | 57 (10) | 54 (10) | 57 (10) | 62 (9) | 59 (10) | 57 (10) | 55 (9) | 50 (11) | |
| Male | 35 588 (32%) | 2208 (34%) | 5527 (33%) | 1660 (33%) | 2515 (33%) | 1352 (32%) | 2838 (33%) | 1430 (33%) | 1259 (30%) | 43 323 (32%) | |
| Diabetes duration and severity | |||||||||||
| Duration of diabetes, years* | .. | .. | 9 (7) | 2 (2) | 8 (3) | 19 (6) | 8 (7) | 10 (8) | 10 (7) | .. | |
| Onset age <35 years and insulin use at recruitment† | .. | .. | 213 (1%) | 11 (<1%) | 54 (1%) | 148 (4%) | 50 (1%) | 74 (2%) | 89 (2%) | .. | |
| Mean HbA1c, % | 5·5 (0·4) | 8·6 (2·1) | 9·1 (2·5) | 8·5 (2·5) | 9·3 (2·4) | 9·4 (2·4) | 7·0 (1·1) | 10·0 (0·6) | 12·4 (1·2) | 6·1 (1·7) | |
| Median (IQR) HbA1c, % | 5·4 (5·2–5·7) | 7·7 (6·8–10·3) | 8·9 (7·0–10·9) | 7·9 (6·4–10·3) | 9·3 (7·3–11·1) | 9·4 (7·5–11·1) | 7·0 (6·2–7·9) | 10·0 (9·5–10·5) | 12·1 (11·5–13·0) | 5·5 (5·3–5·9) | |
| HbA1c >9·0%‡ | .. | 2367 (36%) | 8465 (50%) | 1970 (39%) | 4184 (54%) | 2311 (55%) | 0 (0%) | 4311 (100%) | 4154 (100%) | 10 832 (8%) | |
| Socioeconomic status and smoking | |||||||||||
| Resident of Coyoacán | 44 735 (41%) | 2111 (32%) | 5719 (34%) | 1768 (35%) | 2167 (28%) | 1784 (43%) | 2934 (35%) | 1440 (33%) | 1345 (32%) | 52 565 (39%) | |
| Resident of Iztapalapa | 65 446 (59%) | 4430 (68%) | 11 221 (66%) | 3274 (65%) | 5546 (72%) | 2401 (57%) | 5541 (65%) | 2871 (67%) | 2809 (68%) | 81 097 (61%) | |
| University or college educated | 19 537 (18%) | 627 (10%) | 1312 (8%) | 413 (8%) | 664 (9%) | 235 (6%) | 719 (8%) | 336 (8%) | 257 (6%) | 21 476 (16%) | |
| Current smoker | 37 308 (34%) | 1968 (30%) | 4624 (27%) | 1532 (30%) | 2155 (28%) | 937 (22%) | 2179 (26%) | 1251 (29%) | 1194 (29%) | 43 900 (33%) | |
| Anthropometry and blood pressure | |||||||||||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 29·0 (4·7) | 31·5 (5·3) | 29·1 (5·0) | 30·2 (5·2) | 29·2 (4·9) | 27·6 (4·6) | 29·8 (5·0) | 29·0 (4·9) | 27·9 (5·1) | 29·1 (4·8) | |
| Systolic/diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 125/82 (15/10) | 133/86 (17/10) | 133/85 (18/10) | 131/85 (17/10) | 132/85 (17/10) | 137/85 (20/11) | 134/85 (18/10) | 133/85 (18/10) | 131/84 (18/11) | 127/83 (16/10) | |
| Antidiabetes medication | |||||||||||
| Any antidiabetes medication | .. | .. | 13 553 (80%) | 3610 (72%) | 6341 (82%) | 3602 (86%) | 6425 (76%) | 3681 (85%) | 3447 (83%) | .. | |
| Insulin | .. | .. | 1176 (7%) | 109 (2%) | 460 (6%) | 607 (15%) | 399 (5%) | 406 (9%) | 371 (9%) | .. | |
| Biguanide (eg, metformin) | .. | .. | 3105 (18%) | 714 (14%) | 1510 (20%) | 881 (21%) | 1447 (17%) | 855 (20%) | 803 (19%) | .. | |
| Sulfonylurea | .. | .. | 11 660 (69%) | 3225 (64%) | 5532 (72%) | 2903 (69%) | 5543 (65%) | 3162 (73%) | 2955 (71%) | .. | |
| Other antidiabetes | .. | .. | 244 (1%) | 80 (2%) | 116 (2%) | 48 (1%) | 114 (1%) | 61 (1%) | 69 (2%) | .. | |
| Other long-term medication | |||||||||||
| Any antihypertensive | 12 048 (11%) | 1030 (16%) | 4780 (28%) | 1222 (24%) | 2081 (27%) | 1477 (35%) | 2784 (33%) | 1123 (26%) | 873 (21%) | 17 858 (13%) | |
| Renin–angiotensin system inhibitor | 8806 (8%) | 793 (12%) | 3782 (22%) | 958 (19%) | 1683 (22%) | 1141 (27%) | 2183 (26%) | 907 (21%) | 692 (17%) | 13 381 (10%) | |
| Other antihypertensive | 4321 (4%) | 334 (5%) | 1291 (8%) | 340 (7%) | 532 (7%) | 419 (10%) | 783 (9%) | 283 (7%) | 225 (5%) | 5946 (4%) | |
| Any antithrombotic | 2589 (2%) | 152 (2%) | 357 (2%) | 101 (2%) | 160 (2%) | 96 (2%) | 222 (3%) | 76 (2%) | 59 (1%) | 3098 (2%) | |
| Any lipid–lowering | 444 (<1%) | 23 (<1%) | 200 (1%) | 71 (1%) | 82 (1%) | 47 (1%) | 124 (1%) | 52 (1%) | 24 (1%) | 667 (<1%) | |
Data are mean (SD) or n (%), unless otherwise stated.
*
Estimated from age at recruitment and decade of diagnosis.
†
Suggestive of type 1 diabetes.
‡
HbA1c values greater than 9% reflect poor glycaemic control.