Table 3.
Cerebral microbleeds and decline in specific cognitive domains
| G-factor | Executive functions | Information processing | Memory | Motor Speed | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Model I | |||||
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| Lobar* | −0.02 (−0.09;0.05) | −0.03(−0.10;0.04) | −0.03 (−0.10;0.04) | −0.02 (−0.11;0.08) | −0.05 (−0.16;0.06) |
| Single | 0.0003 (−0.08;0.08) | −0.02 (−0.08;0.05) | −0.001 (−0.07;0.06) | 0.01 (−0.08;0.10) | −0.03 (−0.16;0.09) |
| 2–4 CMBs | −0.01 (−0.15;0.13) | 0.02 (−0.09;0.13) | 0.01 (−0.11;0.12) | −0.02 (−0.17;0.14) | −0.11 (−0.32;0.11) |
| >4 CMBs | −0.37 (−0.65;−0.09) | −0.31 (−0.51;−0.11) | −0.44 (−0.65;−0.22) | −0.34 (−0.64;−0.03) | −0.09 (−0.50;0.33) |
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| Deep or infratentorial± | −0.02 (−0.13;0.10) | −0.03 (−0.14;0.08) | 0.01 (−0.11;0.13) | 0.02 (−0.13;0.17) | 0.03 (−0.15;0.20) |
| Single CMB | 0.03 (−0.11;0.18) | 0.02 (−0.09;0.12) | 0.06 (−0.06;0.17) | −0.02 (−0.18;0.14) | 0.10 (−0.13;0.32) |
| 2–4 CMBs | 0.06 (−0.17;0.29) | −0.03 (−0.21;0.14) | 0.05 (−0.14;0.24) | 0.21 (−0.05;0.47) | 0.26 (−0.10;0.63) |
| >4 CMBs | −0.34 (−0.62;−0.05) | −0.20 (−0.41;0.02) | −0.26 (−0.50;−0.03) | −0.13 (−0.44;0.19) | −0.61 (s;1.05;s;0.17) |
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| Model II | |||||
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| Lobar* | −0.02 (−0.09;0.05) | −0.03 (−0.09;0.04) | −0.02 (−0.09;0.05) | −0.02 (−0.11;0.08) | −0.05 (−0.16;0.06) |
| Single | 0.002 (−0.08;0.08) | −0.01 (−0.07;0.05) | 0.001 (−0.07;0.07) | 0.01 (−0.08;0.10) | −0.03 (−0.16;0.09) |
| 2–4 CMBs | 0.002 (−0.14;0.14) | 0.03 (−0.08;0.13) | 0.02 (−0.09;0.14) | −0.02 (−0.18;0.14) | −0.10 (−0.32;0.12) |
| >4 CMBs | −0.35 (−0.62;−0.07) | −0.29 (−0.49;−0.09) | −0.41 (−0.63;−0.19) | −0.34 (−0.65;−0.04) | −0.07 (−0.49;0.35) |
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| Deep or infratentorial± | −0.003 (−0.12;0.11) | −0.02 (−0.13;0.09) | 0.02 (−0.09;0.14) | 0.02 (−0.14;0.17) | 0.04 (−0.14;0.22) |
| Single CMB | 0.04 (−0.11;0.18) | 0.02 (−0.09;0.13) | 0.06 (−0.06;0.18) | −0.02 (−0.18;0.14) | 0.10 (−0.12;0.32) |
| 2–4 CMBs | 0.08 (−0.15;0.32) | −0.02 (−0.19;0.16) | 0.07 (−0.12;0.26) | 0.21 (−0.05;0.46) | 0.29 (−0.08;0.65) |
| >4 CMBs | −0.29 (−0.57;−0.002) | −0.16 (−0.37;0.06) | −0.22 (−0.45;0.02) | −0.14 (−0.45;0.18) | −0.56 (−1.00;−0.11) |
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| Model III | |||||
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| Lobar* | −0.02 (−0.09;0.05) | −0.03 (−0.09;0.04) | −0.01 (−0.09;0.06) | −0.02 (−0.12;0.08) | −0.05 (−0.16;0.06) |
| Single | −0.01 (−0.09;0.07) | −0.02 (−0.08;0.04) | 0.01 (−0.06;0.07) | 0.01 (−0.08;0.10) | −0.04 (−0.16;0.09) |
| 2–4 CMBs | −0.01 (−0.16;0.13) | 0.02 (−0.08;0.13) | 0.03 (−0.09;0.14) | −0.03 (−0.19;0.13) | −0.10 (−0.33;0.12) |
| >4 CMBs | −0.29 (−0.57;0.002) | −0.24 (−0.45;−0.03) | −0.40 (−0.62;−0.17) | −0.28 (−0.60;0.04) | −0.01 (−0.43;0.42) |
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| Deep or infratentorial± | 0.03 (−0.09;0.15) | 0.02 (−0.10;0.13) | 0.04 (−0.08;0.16) | 0.05 (−0.11;0.21) | 0.08 (−0.10;0.27) |
| Single CMB | 0.04 (−0.11;0.18) | 0.02 (−0.09;0.13) | 0.05 (−0.07;0.17) | −0.01 (−0.17;0.15) | 0.10 (−0.12;0.32) |
| 2–4 CMBs | 0.10 (−0.14;0.33) | −0.01 (−0.18;0.17) | 0.08 (−0.12;0.27) | 0.23 (−0.03;0.49) | 0.31 (−0.05;0.67) |
| >4 CMBs | −0.13 (−0.45;0.20) | 0.006 (−0.24;0.25) | −0.17 (−0.44;0.10) | −0.05 (−0.41;0.32) | −0.48 (−0.98;0.03) |
Values represent differences in Z-score of various cognitive domains in those with microbleeds compared to those without microbleeds.
Model I: adjusted for age, sex, education level, baseline domain tests scores, and time between baseline and follow-up visit.
Model II: as Model I, additionally adjusted for APOE ε4 carriership and a propensity score of cardiovascular risk factors which included hypertension, total and HDL cholesterol, smoking status, diabetes mellitus, lipid-lowering and antithrombotic medication use.
Model III: as Model I, additionally for lacunes, intracranial volume, white matter lesion volume.
The following neuropsychological tests were included for G-factor: Stroop interference, LDST, WFT, delayed WLT, Purdue Pegboard; for executive functions: Stroop interference, LDST, WFT; for information processing: Stroop reading and naming, LDST; for memory: immediate and delayed WLT; for motor Speed: Purdue Pegboard.
Lobar microbleeds with or without cerebellar microbleeds.
Deep or infratentorial microbleeds with or without lobar microbleeds.