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. 2018 Mar 8;5:18001. doi: 10.1038/hgv.2018.1

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Copyright © 2018 The Author(s)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/

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Effect of the SMAD9 mutation on target protein expression. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to determine the localization and expression of SMAD9 in both control (a, b, c) and lesion (d, e, f) tissue. There was prominent expression of SMAD9 in control tissue (a) that co-localized (arrows) to vascular structures identified by lectin staining of the endothelium (b) and Hoechst nuclear counterstaining (c). Compared to control tissue, SMAD9 expression was greatly reduced in arteriovenous malformation tissue, with the most noticeable loss appearing in perivascular tissue.