Oxidation of DA does not promote rapid stellation of astrocyte processes. A, Representative images of GFAP+ astrocytes in the control conditions and following exposure to DA (75 μm) and N-acetylcysteine (5 mm; DA + NAC). Scale bars, 75 μm. B, Quantification of number of primary processes and average GFAP+ cell area following a 1 h exposure to control media, DA, DA with NAC, or DA with SMBS (50 μm; DA + SMBS). One-way ANOVA for number of processes (F(3,222) = 17.56, p < 0.001). One-way ANOVA for GFAP+ area (F(3,222) = 17.99, p < 0.001). Bonferroni post hoc: ***p < 0.001 versus control. ###p < 0.001 versus DA. Control, n = 67 cells; DA, n = 79 cells; DA + NAC, n = 41 cells; DA + SMBS, n = 39 cells.