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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 May 24.
Published in final edited form as: Annu Rev Physiol. 2017 Feb 10;79:335–356. doi: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-022516-034202

Table 1. Mouse models for Hedgehog (Hh) signaling and taste organ maintenance.

Mouse models Function Expression pattern/Location/Phenotype Ref.
Reporters
ShhlacZ identify Shh-producing cells in basal cells of taste bud, of FGP and CVP 35, 67
Gli1lacZ identify HH-responding cells in basal epithelial cells, perigemmal cells, and stromal cells, of FGP and CVP 35, 38
Gli2lacZ identify Gli2-expressing cells in basal cells throughout the lingual epithelium; and in perigemmal cells and stromal cells, of FGP and of CVP (unpublished data) 35
Ptch1lacZ Identify HH-responding cells in basal epithelial cells, perigemmal cells, of FGP and CVP; and in stromal cells, of FGP and of CVP (unpublished data) 35, 67
Lineage trace
Gli1-CreERT2;R26RlacZ identify Gli1+ HH-responding cells and descendents progeny in TB, epithelium and stroma of FGP and nearby FILIFP 35
Shh-CreERT2;ROSAlacz identify embryonic SHH+ cells and descendents progeny in adult TB (Type I and II cells) of FGP, but SHH+ cells lost after 4 months; also in intragemmal basal and perigemmal cells, of FGP 72
Shh-CreERT2;R26RlacZ/EGFP identify SHH+ cells and descendents progeny in all 3 TB cell types, of FGP, CVP and soft palate 18
HH misexpression
K14-CreERT2;SHH-YFP constitutive expression of SHH in K14+ cells ectopic K8+ clusters induced in FILIFP, molecular similarities to taste cells, not innervated 81
HH constitutive activation
K5-rtTA;TRE-GLI2* GLI2, oncogeneic form, expressed in K5+ cells loss of FGP and TB, and FILIFP spines; some FGP retain thin TB and innervation; suprabasal cell proliferation 35
HH/GLI suppression
K5-rtTA;tetO-Gli2ΔC4 Gli2 dominant- negative repressor expressed in K5+ cells TB reduced and/or lost, proliferation reduced, innervation and Gli1lacZ+ cells in stroma retained in FGP and CVP 38
K5-Cre;R26- LSL-rtTA;tetOGli2ΔC4 Gli2 dominant- negative repressor expressed in K5+ cells and progeny FGP, CVP, and FILIFP structure disrupted; TB and cell proliferation reduced; innervation and Gli1lacZ+ cells in stroma retained in FGP and CVP 38
K5-rtTA;tetO-Cre;Gli2fl/fl Gli2 deleted in K5+ cells TB reduced and Gli1lacZ+ cells eliminated except from stroma; cell proliferation reduced and innervation retained in FGP and CVP 38
K5-rtTA;tetO-Cre; Gli2fl/fl;Gli1lacZ/lacZ Gli2 in K5+ cells and Gli1 globally deleted TB reduced, innervation retained; cell proliferation reduced; Gli1lacZ+ cells eliminated except from stroma in FGP and CVP 38
HH/SMO inhibition
K5rtTA;tetO-Cre;Smofl/fl Smo deleted in K5+ cells TB reduced; innervation and Gli1lacZ+ cells in stroma retained in FGP 86
R26rtTA M2+/wt;tetO-Cre;Smofl/fl Smo deleted globally TB rapidly reduced; innervation and Gli1lacZ+ cells in stroma retained in FGP 82
LDE225 oral gavage Pharmacologic SMO blockade in FGP, all TB cell types and cell proliferation reduced; taste nerve chemical responses reduced and/or lost; innervation and Gli1lacZ+ cells in stroma retained 83, 85
Vismodegib oral gavage Pharmacologic SMO blockade in CVP, TB smaller; cell proliferation reduced 84
HH/WNT interaction
SHH-CreERT2;Ctnnb1(Ex3)/fl;R26RYFP β-catenin activated in SHH+ cells increased Type I TB type cells in non-cell autonomous manner, in FGP and CVP 87

Abbreviations: CVP, circumvallate papilla; FGP, fungiform papilla; FILIFP, filiform papilla; Shh, Sonic Hedgehog; TB, taste bud.