Figure 3.
Urine ammonium excretion rate is directly associated with urine TGF-β1/creatinine. Adjusted cubic spline regression plots of the association between urine TGF-β1 (TGF-β1/creatinine [Cr]) and (A) urine ammonium (NH4+) excretion, (B) urine titratable acids excretion, (C) urine pH, and (D) serum bicarbonate. Shown on the ordinate of each panel is the ratio of the geometric mean urine TGF-β1/Cr to the geometric mean urine TGF-β1/Cr at the median value of each independent variable. Models are adjusted for eGFR, urine protein-to-creatinine ratio, diabetes, body mass index, age, sex, systolic BP, serum potassium, dietary protein intake, and use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, and/or alkali.