Table 3.
Association of urine TGF-β1/creatinine and the acid-base indicators after multivariable adjustment
| Acid-Base Measurement | SD of Acid-Base Measurement | Fold Difference in TGF-β1/Creatinine | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|---|
| Urine | |||
| NH4+, per SD ↑ | 0.72 mEq/h | 1.22 | 1.11 to 1.35 |
| Titratable acid, per SD ↑ | 0.65 mEq/h | 1.03 | 0.91 to 1.15 |
| NH4+ + titratable acid, per SD ↑ | 1.27 mEq/h | 1.15 | 1.03 to 1.30 |
| NH4+, per SD ↑ | 0.16 mEq/kg per daya | 1.20 | 1.09 to 1.32 |
| Titratable acid, per SD ↑ | 0.15 mEq/kg per daya | 1.03 | 0.92 to 1.14 |
| NH4+ + titratable acid, per SD ↑ | 0.28 mEq/kg per daya | 1.13 | 1.02 to 1.25 |
| pH, per SD ↑ | 0.5 | 1.11 | 1.02 to 1.21 |
| Serum | |||
| Bicarbonate, per SD ↑ | 3 mEq/L | 1.06 | 0.97 to 1.16 |
| Bicarbonate <22 versus ≥22 mEq/L | NA | 1.01 | 0.83 to 1.25 |
Models were adjusted for age; sex; eGFR; urine protein-to-creatinine ratio; diabetes; systolic BP; use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, or alkali; body mass index; serum potassium; and protein intake. 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; NH4+, ammonium; NA, not applicable.
a
Body mass index was not adjusted for in these models.