Table 4.
Multivariable-adjusted associations between urine ammonium excretion, urine pH, and other clinical factors with urine TGF-β1/creatinine
| Variable | Fold Difference in TGF-β1/Creatinine | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|
| Urine NH4+, mEq/h, per SD ↑ | 1.25 | 1.13 to 1.38 |
| Urine pH, per SD ↑ | 1.14 | 1.05 to 1.23 |
| GFR 60–89 ml/min per 1.73 m2 | ||
| Versus 45–59 | 1.32 | 1.01 to 1.73 |
| Versus 30–44 | 1.25 | 0.95 to 1.62 |
| Versus <30 | 1.42 | 1.05 to 1.92 |
| Urine protein-to-creatinine ratio <500 mg/g | ||
| Versus 500 to <1000 | 1.25 | 0.96 to 1.63 |
| Versus >1000 | 1.03 | 0.83 to 1.28 |
| Protein intake, g/d, per SD ↑ | 0.92 | 0.84 to 1.00 |
| Men versus women (reference) | 0.76 | 0.61 to 0.95 |
| Age, yr, per SD ↑ | 0.99 | 0.90 to 1.08 |
| Systolic BP < 120 mmHg | ||
| Versus 120–140 | 1.04 | 0.86 to 1.25 |
| Versus >140 | 1.22 | 0.95 to 1.58 |
| ACE-i/ARB use versus no (reference) | 0.93 | 0.76 to 1.13 |
| Diabetes versus no (reference) | 1.17 | 0.99 to 1.39 |
| Body mass index <25 kg/m2 | ||
| Versus 25 to <30 | 1.03 | 0.78 to 1.38 |
| Versus ≥30 | 0.90 | 0.68 to 1.19 |
| Alkali use versus no (reference) | 1.02 | 0.81 to 1.27 |
| Serum K+, mEq/L | 1.09 | 0.92 to 1.32 |
95% CI, 95% confidence interval; NH4+, ammonium; ACE-i, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker.