Table 3.

Exposure levels associated with effects on newly identified targets.

Targets/study population, reference	Exposure/outcomes
Blood vessels: United States, n = 2,125, Navas-Acien et al³⁹ n = 790, Navas-Acien et al.⁴⁰	OR for PAD of 1.07, 1.30, and 2.82, when comparing blood cadmium quartiles 2, 3, and 4 versus the lowest (p for trend = 0.01). OR for PAD of 3.05, when comparing urinary cadmium of the 75th versus the 25th percentile.
Blood vessels: Belgium, n = 557; Schutte et al. 2008⁴¹	Increased body burden associated with lower aortic pulse wave velocity, lower pulse pressure, and higher femoral distensibility.
Heart: United States, n = 4,912; Everett and Frithsen⁴²	OR for female myocardial infarction was 1.8, comparing urinary cadmium > 0.88 versus < 0.43 μg/g creatinine.
Lung: United States, n = 96; Lampe et al.⁴³	Increased body burden was associated with reduced lung function among smokers.
Periodontal tissues: United States, n = 11,412; Arora et al.⁴⁴	A 3-fold increase in urinary cadmium associated with 54% higher prevalence odds for periodontal disease.
Eye: United States, n = 53 cases, 53 controls; Erie et al.⁴⁵	Higher urinary cadmium associated with AMD in smokers.
Mammary gland: Austria, n = 124; Gundacker et al.⁴⁶	Intake of supplement was associated with lowered breast milk cadmium only in nonsmokers.
Mammary gland: Bangladesh, n = 123; Kippler et al.⁴⁷	Manganese, iron, and calcium in breast milk correlated with cadmium content.

OR, odds ratio.