TABLE 6.

Case series and cohort studies providing outcome information for infections due to carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae treated with ceftazidime-avibactam^a

Reference	Design, no. of sites; inclusion criteria	n	Types of infections and pathogens	No. of patients treated with CAZ-AVI	No. of patients treated with other regimens	Mortality definition (no. of deaths/no. of patients treated [%] [CAZ-AVI vs other regimens])	Clinical cure (no. of patients with cure/no. of patients treated [%] [CAZ-AVI vs other regimens])
346	Retrospective cohort, hematological patients, 4 sites; BSI due to CRE, ≥48 h of therapy	31	≈85% K. pneumoniae; ≈60% OXA-48 producers and 40% KPC producers; sources: 14 (45.1%) primary, 6 (19.3%) HAP	8 (all in combination); all isolates susceptible to CAZ-AVI	23 (17 [94.4%] in combination)	30-day; 2/8 (25) vs 12/23 (52.2); P = 0.24	Day 14; 6/8 (75) vs 8/23 (34.8); P = 0.03
347	Retrospective cohort, 1 site; BSI due to CR K. pneumoniae, ≥3 days of therapy	109	All K. pneumoniae; 97% KPC; 50% in ICU; Source: 50 (45.8%) IAI, 28 (25.6%) primary BSI	13 (5 [38.5%] in combination); all isolates susceptible to CAZ-AVI	96 (27 [28.2%] in combination)	30-day; 1/13 (7.6) vs 30/96 (31.2)	Day 30; 11/13 (85) vs 30/96 (40.6); P = 0.006; adjusted OR = 8.64 (95% CI = 1.61–43.39)
348	Retrospective, 1 site; CRE infections treated with CAZ-AVI	37	84% K. pneumoniae; 78.3% KPC	37 (11 [30%] in combination)	Not included	30-day; 9/37 (24.3)	23/37 (62); for monotherapy, 58%; for combination therapy, 64%; 10 (27%) recurrences, with 3 isolates developing resistance
349	Retrospective, 1 site; CRE infections treated with CAZ-AVI	6	All K. pneumoniae, KPC; all susceptible to CAZ-AVI	6 (4 [66.6%] in combination)	Not included	In-hospital; 3/6 (50)	4/6 (66.6); 2 relapses, no development of resistance
350	Retrospective cohort, 15 sites; CRE infections treated with CAZ-AVI, salvage therapy	38	34 K. pneumoniae; 23 KPC, 13 OXA-48; type of infection: 15 (39.4%) IAI, 7 (18.4%) HAP	38 (25 [65.8%] in combination)	Not included	In-hospital; overall, 15/38 (39.5); for IAI, 6/15 (40); for HAP, 5/7 (71.4)	28 (73.7); for monotherapy, 69.2%; for combination therapy, 76%; 2 relapses, no resistance detected
351	Retrospective cohort, 9 health care systems in USA; CRE infections treated with CAZ-AVI for ≥24 h	60	83% K. pneumoniae; type of infection: 38% BSI, 28% UTI, 27% HAP	60 (33 [55%] in combination); of 36 isolates tested, 23 susceptible to CAZ-AVI; treatment started a median of 8 (IQR, 5–22) days after infection	Not included	In-hospital; overall, 19/60 (32); for monotherapy, 30%; for combination therapy, 33%; for BSI, 39%; for UTI, 12%; for pneumonia, 56%	39/60 (65); for monotherapy, 67%; for combination therapy, 63%
352	Prospective cohort, 18 hospitals in USA; CRE infections	137	97% K. pneumoniae, 96% KPC-producers; type of infection: 46% BSI, 22% HAP, 14% UTI	38 (63% in combination)	99 (94% in combination)	30-day, adjusted; 8% vs 32% (difference, 23%; 95% CI, 9–35%)	30-day adjusted probability of better outcome (using desirable outcome ranking), 64% (95% CI, 57–71%) with ceftazidime-avibactam

^aCAZ-AVI, ceftazidime-avibactam; BSI, bloodstream infection; CRE, carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae; HAP, hospital-acquired pneumonia; CR, carbapenem resistant; IAI, intra-abdominal infection; UTI, urinary tract infection; IQR, interquartile range.