TABLE 2.
Condition | Identified risk factor | Reference(s) |
---|---|---|
Risk factors for colonization at admission | ||
C. difficile colonization | Previous hospitalization | 15, 132 |
Previous CDI episode | 132 | |
Previous use of corticosteroids or other immunosuppressant medication | 15, 132 | |
Presence of antibodies against toxin B | 132 | |
Current loose stools/diarrhea not meeting CDI criteria | 15 | |
Toxigenic C. difficile colonization | Previous hospitalization | 129 |
Chronic dialysis | 129 | |
Use of corticosteroids | 129 | |
Risk factors for acquiring colonization during admission | ||
C. difficile colonization | Previous hospitalization | 12 |
Use of chemotherapy | 12 | |
Use of proton pump inhibitors or H2 blockers | 12 | |
Presence of antibodies against toxin B | 12 | |
Toxigenic C. difficile colonization | TLR4 polymorphism | 11 |
Cefepime use during admission | 11 |
Studies were included if they were published since 1994, investigated either risk factors for colonization at admission or risk factors for colonization acquisition during admission (studies investigating risk factors for being colonized at a certain time point during hospitalization were excluded), had a sample size of >100 patients, and assessed risk factors by multivariate regression.