Fig 8. Kolmogorov flow: Predictions along a sample trajectory with lead time = 0.5.

Results for the complex modulus (left column), real part (middle column) and imaginary part (right column) of the wavenumber triad are shown. Legend: truth—black solid line; data-assisted—blue circle; triad dynamics—orange triangle; purely data-driven—green square. Rare events are recorded when |a(1, 0)| (left column, mid row) falls below 0.4 (shaded in red). Significant improvements are observed for wavenumbers (0, 4) and (1, 4).