Table 4. Comparison of the performances of the intervention and control group on the EF tasks at t2 and t3: means, standard deviations, and results of between-group ANCOVAs.
| Measure | Group | t2 | t3 | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | M | SD | df | F | p | eta2 | N | M | SD | df | F | p | eta2 | ||
| Tower | IG | 63 | 1.81 | 3.84 | 1, 105 | 16.73 | .00 | .14 | 61 | 1.70 | 4.62 | 1, 103 | 1.86 | .18 | .02 |
| CG | 50 | 4.64 | 7.65 | 50 | 2.94 | 6.75 | |||||||||
| Day & Night | IG | 64 | 24.06 | 9.27 | 1, 104 | 0.12 | .91 | .00 | 62 | 27.00 | 6.65 | 1, 102 | 0.05 | .83 | .00 |
| CG | 48 | 24.19 | 9.34 | 48 | 26.96 | 8.26 | |||||||||
| HTKS | IG | 62 | 24.89 | 17.75 | 1, 100 | 0.23 | .63 | .00 | 59 | 31.75 | 17.49 | 1, 98 | 0.31 | .58 | .00 |
| CG | 46 | 25.52 | 17.87 | 47 | 33.68 | 18.75 | |||||||||
| Block Recall | IG | 64 | 7.44 | 3.64 | 1, 106 | 0.10 | .75 | .00 | 61 | 9.26 | 2.75 | 1, 103 | 9.60 | .00 | .09 |
| CG | 50 | 7.26 | 3.06 | 50 | 7.84 | 3.93 | |||||||||
| Digit Span forward | IG | 64 | 5.91 | 1.64 | 1, 103 | 2.57 | .11 | .02 | 62 | 6.16 | 1.74 | 1, 102 | 0.92 | .34 | .01 |
| CG | 47 | 5.62 | 1.84 | 48 | 5.98 | 1.62 | |||||||||
| Digit Span backward | IG | 62 | 1.00 | 1.31 | 1, 95 | 0.63 | .43 | .01 | 61 | 1.61 | 1.54 | 1, 98 | 2.70 | .10 | .03 |
| CG | 41 | 1.41 | 1.34 | 45 | 2.07 | 1.62 | |||||||||
| H&F congruent | IG | 62 | 30.15 | 10.51 | 1, 100 | 3.19 | .08 | .03 | 60 | 32.53 | 9.17 | 1, 99 | 4.36 | .04 | .04 |
| CG | 46 | 27.91 | 11.70 | 47 | 29.04 | 10.56 | |||||||||
|
H&F incongruent |
IG | 61 | 26.54 | 12.06 | 1, 97 | 0.22 | .64 | .00 | 59 | 29.05 | 11.09 | 1, 98 | 0.14 | .71 | .00 |
| CG | 44 | 27.59 | 9.89 | 47 | 28.55 | 10.11 | |||||||||
|
H&F mix |
IG | 58 | 25.66 | 10.33 | 1, 93 | 0.05 | .82 | .00 | 57 | 28.60 | 10.06 | 1, 94 | 0.04 | .85 | .00 |
| CG | 43 | 26.79 | 9.04 | 45 | 28.09 | 9.46 | |||||||||
IG = Intervention group; CG = Control group.
The following variables served as covariates: performance at t1, age, maternal and paternal educational level, and maternal and paternal occupational level. Significant differences and near-significant trends are highlighted.