Figure 2.

PS expression is altered in human DN. Immunostaining for PS was performed on healthy donor nephrectomy specimens and on kidney biopsy samples of patients with diabetes with microalbuminuria (UACR<300 mg/g) and with macroalbuminuria (UACR>300 mg/g). (A) Representative images of six subjects in each group are shown (400× original magnification; scale bar, 50 μm). (B) Glomerular area was selected, and OD was measured and quantified as a relative fold change to healthy donor specimens (n=6; *P<0.05 and ***P<0.001 when compared between indicated groups). (C) Representative images of diabetic human kidneys immunostained for both PS and synaptopodin (×400 original magnification). DAPI was used to visualize the nuclear staining. AU, arbitrary units; DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; DM, diabetes mellitus; Macro, macroalbuminuria; Micro, microalbuminuria; PS, protein S; UACR, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio.