Table 3.
Creatinine-Corrected Urinary Levels of Cotininea in Adults pre and post an Indoor Hookah-Only Social Event, by Smoking Status and Location of Event (N = 208)
| Variables | Hookah Lounge, Hookah-Only Social Event (N = 108), ng/mg Creatinine | Ratiob | Pc | Home, Hookah-Only Social Event(N = too), ng/mg Creatinine | Ratiob | Pd | Pe | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre Event | Post Event | Pre Event | Post Event | ||||||
| Hookah Smokers (n = 105) | <0.001f | <0.001f | 0.576 | ||||||
| Mean ± SDg | 178.9 ±385.7 | 238.3 ± 667.2 | 332.6 ±399.2 | ||||||
| GM (95% CI)h | 14.5(6.4–32.7) | 124.7 (79.8–195.0) | 8.6 | 17.8(7.6–41.9) | 150.2(97.9–230.6) | 8.4 | |||
| Median (5–95 percentile) | 48.3(0.2–928.1) | 133.6(7.7–1187.1) | 2.8 | 48.6(0.14–876.8) | 170.0(15.8–1312.6) | 3.5 | |||
| Minimum - Maximum | 0.02–2342.7 | (0.09–2410.5) | 0.03–4558.3 | 1.2–1576.0 | |||||
| % above LODi (Freq/n))j’k | 98(52/53) | 100(54/54) | 98(49/50) | 100(50/50) | |||||
| Non-Smokers (n = 103) | 0.001f | 0.001f | 0.013f | ||||||
| Mean ± SD | 1.1 ± 1.9 | 3.2 ± 5.9 | 1.0 ± 1.7 | 1.6 ± 2.7 | |||||
| GM(95% Cl) | 0.4 (0.3–0.6) | 1.3 (0.9–1.8) | 3.3 | 0.4 (0.2–0.5) | 0.7 (0.5–1.0) | 1.8 | |||
| Median (5–95 percentile) | 0.4 (0.02–6.0) | (0.13–22.8) | 2.8 | 0.3(0.02–5.4) | 0.7 (0.1–8.7) | 2.3 | |||
| Minimum - Maximum | 0.02–9.2 | 0.12–25.5 | 0.01–8.9 | 0.04–13.1 | |||||
| % above LOD (Freq/n) | 85(44/52) | 100 (52/52) | 82 (41/50) | 96(48/50) | |||||
Cotinine is a metabolite of nicotine. Cotinine values are corrected with creatinine (ng/mg creatinine).
Ratio, Ratio of post to pre hookah event cotinine GMs and medians.
P Hookah lounge: pre vs. post event. P values were derived from Wilcoxon signed-rank tests; two-tailed alpha level P < 0.05.
P Home: pre v post event. P values were derived from Wilcoxon signed-rank tests; two-tailed alpha level P < 0.05.
P Change in cotinine, hookah lounge vs. home. P values were derived from Mann-Whitney U tests; two-tailed alpha level P < 0.05.
Significant levels.
Mean ± SD, Arithmetic mean and standard deviation.
GM(95% CI), Geometric mean and 95% confidence interval.
% Above LOD, Percentage of urine samples above the limit of detection (LOD); cotinine LOD, 0.1 ng/mL.
Freq/n, Frequency of samples with levels above the LOD/n-size of samples per group.
Missing values: interference (n = 4)/missing samples (n = 1).