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. 2018 May 18;9:247. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00247

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Copyright © 2018 Lo and Lynch.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Macrophage roles in the context of the bone-metastatic prostate cancer. Upon recruitment to the site of metastasis by chemokine (C–C motif) ligand 2 and or colony stimulating factor-1, macrophages may polarize (blue arrows) into pro- or anti-inflammatory states depending on environmental cues. Tumor-associated macrophages have protective (red arrow) or contributory effects (green arrow) directly on prostate cancer. Importantly, macrophages, including bone-resident osteomacs, impact osteoclast and osteoblast function (green arrows) thereby also indirectly regulating prostate cancer progression in bone. Asterisks denote factors to which small molecule or biological inhibitors have been developed.