Table 1.
Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics among groups divided according to cumulative ginseng intake
| Characteristic | Cumulative ginseng intake | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (N = 6422) |
No use group (N = 5745) |
Low use group (< 5 years) (N = 491) |
High use group (≥ 5 years) (N = 186) |
p valuea | Post hocb | |
| Cumulative ginseng intake (years) | 0.46 ± 2.28 | 0.0 | 1.85 ± 1.26 | 11.0 ± 7.21 | < 0.001 | 0 < 1 < 2 |
| Cumulative ginseng intake (amounts) | 166.3 ± 820.8 | 0.0 | 663.4 ± 404.2 | 3989.7 ± 2595.7 | < 0.001 | 0 < 1 < 2 |
| Age (years) | 70.2 ± 6.92 | 70.4 ± 7.0 | 68.6 ± 6.0 | 69.7 ± 5.9 | < 0.001 | 0 > 1 |
| Female, n (%) | 3649 (56.8) | 3316 (57.7) | 252 (51.3) | 81 (43.5) | < 0.001 | |
| Education (years) | 8.0 ± 5.3 | 7.7 ± 5.3 | 9.7 ± 5.1 | 11.9 ± 4.8 | < 0.001 | 0 < 1 < 2 |
| SES (medical insurance), n (%) | 6186 (95.0) | 5529 (94.8) | 472 (95.4) | 185 (98.9) | 0.024 | |
| BMI (kg/m2)c | 24.1 ± 3.1 | 24.1 ± 3.1 | 23.7 ± 2.9 | 23.7 ± 2.7 | 0.006 | 0 > 1 |
| Smoking (pack-years)c | 10.5 ± 29.8 | 10.7 ± 30.9 | 9.6 ± 18.2 | 8.9 ± 16.7 | 0.575 | |
| Alcohol intake (units in lifetime)c | 1.3 × 104 ± 4.2 × 104 | 1.3 × 104 ± 4.3 × 104 | 1.3 × 104 ± 3.1 × 104 | 1.5 × 104 ± 3.1 × 104 | 0.768 | |
| Presence of hypertension, n (%) | 3399 (52.9) | 3046 (53.0) | 252 (51.3) | 101 (54.3) | 0.869 | |
| Stroke history, n (%) | 508 (7.9) | 463 (8.1) | 34 (6.9) | 11 (5.9) | 0.174 | |
| APOE e4 carrier, n (%)c | 1215 (23.3) | 1058 (22.9) | 119 (27.9) | 38 (22.8) | 0.186 | |
| GDS-Kc | 10.1 ± 6.6 | 10.2 ± 6.6 | 9.3 ± 6.3 | 8.5 ± 5.9 | < 0.001 | 0 > 1, 0 > 2 |
| CIRSc | 4.5 ± 2.8 | 4.5 ± 2.8 | 4.8 ± 2.8 | 5.2 ± 3.0 | 0.001 | 0 < 2 |
Data shown as mean ± standard deviation for continuous variables
BMI body mass index, CIRS cumulative illness rating scale, GDS-K Korean version of the Geriatric Depression Scale, SES socioeconomic status
aDerived from one-way analysis of variance for continuous variables, from a linear-by-linear association test for categorical variables
bPost-hoc analysis using Bonferroni; 0, 1, and 2 denote nonusers, low ginseng intake group (< 5 years), and high ginseng intake group (≥ 5 years) respectively
cMissing values: BMI, n = 482; smoking, n = 62; alcohol intake, n = 52; APOE e4 carrier, n = 1212; GDS-K, n = 237; CIRS, n = 2