Table 1.
Distribution of participants according to number of ANC visits
| Variable | Total (n = 6549) | Number of ANC visit categories | p valueb | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inadequatea (n = 3402) | Adequatea (n = 3147) | |||
| n | n (%) | n (%) | ||
| Age (years) | 0.035* | |||
| 15–24 | 3043 | 1642 (48.3) | 1401 (44.5) | |
| 25–34 | 2517 | 1246 (36.6) | 1271 (40.4) | |
| ≥ 35 | 989 | 514 (15.1) | 475 (15.1) | |
| Marital status | 0.012* | |||
| Married | 5470 | 2799 (82.3) | 2671 (84.9) | |
| Never married | 346 | 210 (6.2) | 136 (4.3) | |
| Separated/divorced/widowed | 733 | 393 (11.6) | 340 (10.8) | |
| Education | < 0.001*** | |||
| No formal education | 785 | 444 (13.0) | 341 (10.8) | |
| Primary | 4382 | 2350 (69.1) | 2032 (64.6) | |
| Secondary and above | 1382 | 608 (17.9) | 774 (24.6) | |
| Occupation | 0.049* | |||
| Unemployed | 2086 | 1130 (33.2) | 956 (30.4) | |
| Employed | 4463 | 2272 (66.8) | 2191 (69.6) | |
| Parity | 0.132 | |||
| Primigravida | 1818 | 899 (26.4) | 919 (29.2) | |
| Secundigravida | 1352 | 722 (21.2) | 630 (20.0) | |
| Multigravida | 3379 | 1781 (52.4) | 1598 (50.8) | |
| Wealth index | < 0.001*** | |||
| Poor | 3147 | 1724 (50.7) | 1423 (45.2) | |
| Middle | 1261 | 690 (20.3) | 571 (18.2) | |
| Rich | 2141 | 988 (29.0) | 1153 (36.6) | |
| Residence | < 0.001*** | |||
| Urban | 897 | 381 (11.2) | 516 (16.4) | |
| Rural | 5652 | 3021 (88.8) | 2631 (83.6) | |
| Region | 0.841 | |||
| Northern | 748 | 389 (11.4) | 359 (11.4) | |
| Central | 2756 | 1418 (41.7) | 1338 (42.5) | |
| Southern | 3045 | 1595 (46.9) | 1450 (46.1) | |
| IPTp uptake | < 0.001*** | |||
| < 3 | 4568 | 2551 (75.0) | 2017 (64.1) | |
| ≥ 3 | 1981 | 850 (25.0) | 1131 (35.9) | |
| Timing of first ANC visit (n = 6413) | < 0.001*** | |||
| First trimester | 1503 | 325 (9.9) | 1178 (37.5) | |
| Second trimester | 4427 | 2492 (76.2) | 1935 (61.6) | |
| Third trimester | 483 | 452 (13.8) | 31 (1.0) | |
ANC antenatal care, IPTp intermittent preventive treatment for malaria during pregnancy
* p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001
aThe number of ANC visits was categorized into two levels: adequate ANC visits (4 or more) and inadequate ANC visits (fewer than 4)
bp value of Pearson’s Chi squared test