TABLE 1.
Appraisal of records according to the modified Downs and Black Appraisal Scale.
| Authors | Downs and Black Appraisal | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reporting (n = 5) | External validity (n = 3) | Internal validity (n = 3) | Power (n = 5) | Total (n = 16) | Grading % = x/16 x 100 | |
| Zamparo and Pagliaro (1998) | 5 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 10 | 62.5% (fair) |
| Gass and Gass (2001) | 5 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 12 | 75% (good) |
| Gass, Gass and Pitetti (2002) | 5 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 10 | 62.5% (fair) |
| Kesiktas et al. (2004) | 5 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 12 | 75% (good) |
| Prosser (2007) | 4 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 9 | 56.2% (fair) |
| Becker (2009) | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 43.7% (weak) |
| Lucksch et al. (2013) | 5 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 13 | 81.25% (good) |
| Tamburella et al. (2013) | 5 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 12 | 75.0% (good) |
| Jung et al. (2014) | 5 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 16 | 100.0% (very good) |
| Stevens et al. (2014) | 5 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 10 | 62.5% (fair) |
| Stevens and Morgan (2015) | 5 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 10 | 62.5% (fair) |
| Tweedy et al. (2016) | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 43.7% (weak) |
| Li et al. (2017) | 4 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 37.5% (weak) |
| Recio et al. (2017) | 4 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 37.5% (weak) |
| Wall, Falvo and Kesten (2017) | 5 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 9 | 56.2% (fair) |
| Overall rating | 4.6 | 1.3 | 1.6 | 1.8 | 9.9 | 62.0% (fair) |
N, number; x, sum of Downs and black appraisal.